THE BASICS OF MLA STYLE 345
consult a source — even if you don’t end up using it in your paper — write
down complete citation information so that you can cite it fully and accu-
rately if you need to. Table A.1 shows the basic information needed to cite
books, chapters in books, journal articles, and online sources. You also
should note any other information that could be relevant — a translator’s
name, for example, or a series title and editor. Ideally, you want to be able to
cite a source fully without having to go back to it to get more information.The Basics of MLa sTyLe
In-Text Citations. In MLA style, you must provide a brief citation in the
body of your essay (1) when you quote directly from a source, (2) when
you paraphrase or summarize what someone else has written, and (3) even
when you use an idea or a concept that originated with someone else.
In the excerpt below, the citation tells readers that the student writer’s
argument about the evolution of Ebonics is rooted in a well-established source
of information. Because the writer does not mention the author in the para-
phrase of her source in the text, she gives the author’s name in the citation:The evolution of U.S. Ebonics can be traced from the year 1557 to the present day.
In times of great oppression, such as the beginning of the slave codes in 1661,
the language of the black community was at its most “ebonified” levels, whereas
in times of racial progress, for example during the abolitionist movement, the lan-
guage as a source of community identity was forsaken for greater assimilation
(Smitherman 119).The parenthetical citation refers to page 119 of Geneva Smitherman’s book
Talkin and Testifyin: The Language of Black America (1977). Smitherman isTABLE A.1 Basic Information Needed for Citing Sources
Books Chapters in Books Journal artiCles online sourCes
Author(s) or
editor(s)
Title and subtitle
Edition information
Place of publication
Publisher
Year of publication
Medium of
publicationAuthor(s)
Chapter title and
subtitle
Book editor(s)
Book title
Edition information
Place of publication
Publisher
Year of publication
Page numbers
Medium of
publicationAuthor(s)
Article title and
subtitle
Journal title
Volume and issue
number
Date of publication
Page numbers
Medium of
publicationAuthor(s)
Document title and
subtitle
Print publication
information, if any
Site sponsor
Site title
Year of publication
Medium of
publication
Date accessed19_GRE_60141_App_BRF_343_353.indd 345 10/31/14 4:48 PM