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Zhidong Hao is a professor of sociology at the University of Macau. Having obtained his PhD in
sociology from the City University of New York, he has researched in political sociology; com-
parative sociology of China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan; historical sociology of Greater
China; sociology of intellectuals and professionals; higher education; development; gambling; and
religion. His English publications include Social Issues in China: Gender, Ethnicity, Labor, and the
Environment (coedited, 2014), Macau History and Society (2011), “Professors as Intellectuals in
China: Political Identities and Roles in a Provincial University” (2016, coauthored), “In Search of
a Professional Identity: Higher Education in Macau and the Academic Role of Faculty” (2016),
and “Commercialization and Corporatization Versus Professorial Roles and Academic Freedom in
the United States and Greater China” (2015). He is currently coediting a book on a comparative
study of academic freedom in higher education in East Asia, the USA, and Australia.
Z. Hao