Health and Behaviour 89
Chronic stress and obesity are recognized as important contributory factors in the
development of type 2 diabetes in humans (Spruijt-Metz et al., 2014). Although
there is a lack of specific studies on cats with the condition, it is very possible that
there could also be a causal link between stress and type 2 diabetes in cats (Sparkes
et al., 2016).
Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism (excessive production of thyroid hormone) is a common condition
in middle-aged and older cats. Cats with hyperthyroidism have been found to have
more cortisol (one of the corticosteroids produced as part of the stress response) than
creatinine (a normal metabolic breakdown product) in their urine, indicating a higher
than normal level of plasma cortisol and a possible link between the disease and
chronic stress (de Lange et al., 2004). It is unclear, however, if this is cause or effect
because the disease is also known to activate the stress response.
The neurological system
Feline oral facial pain syndrome (FOPS)
This is a particularly unpleasant condition causing cats to suffer from abnormally
severe neuropathic pain of the mouth and facial area. Cats with the condition claw
intensely at the mouth causing lacerations to the face and tongue.
The condition is most common in Burmese, suggesting a possible hereditary sus-
ceptibility, but any breed can be affected. Predisposing factors can be anything that
causes pain or discomfort in the mouth such as, eruption of permanent teeth, dental
disease, or mouth ulceration. But the apparent pain and the cat’s reactive behaviour
is far greater than would normally be expected. Environmental stress such as conflict
with other cats, visits to catteries or the veterinary clinic can be trigger factors, and
chronic stress may also play a role in the development of the disease as it appears that
cats with poor coping strategies in multi-cat households are more likely to be predis-
posed to the condition (Rusbridge et al., 2010).
Feline hyperaesthesia syndrome
Hyperaesthesia is an abnormal sensitivity and reaction to touch or movement of the
skin. It is often episodic and may be triggered by touch, either by self-grooming, being
petted or increased arousal, for example during play.
Hyperaesthesia is characterized by symptoms including:
● Rippling or twitching of the skin.
● Acute biting, scratching or licking, especially in the lumbar area near the tail
base.
● Erratic, agitated or sometimes aggressive behaviour, which can sometimes appear
to be self-directed.