Advances in the Canine Cranial Cruciate Ligament, 2nd edition

276 Surgical Treatment

15

10

5

0

Stance

Control

CrCL-Deficient

(A)

Cranial Tibial Translation

Post-Op TPLO - Persistent Subluxation

Post-Op TPLO - Caudal Tibial Displacement

Swing

Millimeters

–5

10

5

0

–5

–10

(B) Stance

Internal Tibial Rotation

Swing

Degrees

–15

Figure 32.4 Craniocaudal tibial translation (A)

and axial rotation (B) during a representative

treadmill gait cycle from two dogs of equivalent

size and conformation, treated by tibial plateau

leveling osteotomy (TPLO). The x-axis represents

progression through the gait cycle from the

beginning of stance phase through to the end of

swing phase. Higher values represent increased

cranial tibial subluxation (A) and higher internal

tibial rotation (B). The averaged curves for both

dogs of the cranial cruciate ligament-deficient

stifle before surgery (red) and the contralateral

normal stifle (black) demonstrate marked cranial

tibial subluxation and internal rotation of the

affected stifle. At 6 months after TPLO, one dog

developed mild caudal subluxation (blue) and

mild external tibial rotation. The other dog

(yellow) had mild persistent cranial tibial

subluxation during stance phase, which

coincided with excessive internal tibial rotation.

relieves pain, although concern exists that
abnormal force transmission due to this caudal
tibial displacement likely continues to pro-
mote osteoarthritis development. Additional
studies, particularly in vivo investigations,
are required to further elucidate the mech-
anism by which tibial osteotomies improve
clinical lameness in dogs.

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