Role of Wildlife in the Epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis 103
Gortazar, C., Vicente, J., de la Fuente, J., Nugent, G. and Nol, P. (2015) Tuberculosis in pigs and wild
boar. In: Mukundan, H., Chambers, M., Waters, R. and Larsen, M. (eds). Tuberculosis, Leprosy and
Mycobacterial Diseases of Man and Animals: The Many Hosts of Mycobacteria. CAB International,
Wallingford, UK, pp. 313–324.
Graham, J., Smith, G.C., Delahay, R.H., Bailey, T., McDonald, R.A., et al. (2013) Multi-state modelling
reveals sex-dependent transmission, progression and severity of tuberculosis in wild badgers. Epide-
miology and Infection 141, 1429–1436.
Griffin, J.F.T. and Buchan, G.S. (1994) Etiology, pathogenesis and diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis in
deer. Veterinary Microbiology 40, 193–205.
Griffin, J.F.T. and Mackintosh, C.G. (2000) Tuberculosis in deer: perceptions, problems and progress. Vet-
erinary Journal 160, 202–219.
Hardstaff, J.L., Marion, G., Hutchings, M.R. and White, P.C.L. (2014) Evaluating the tuberculosis hazard
posed to cattle from wildlife across Europe. Research in Veterinary Science 97, S86–S93.
Hickling, G.J. (2002) Dynamics of bovine tuberculosis in white-tailed deer in Michigan. Wildlife Division
Report No. 3363. Michigan Department of Natural Resources Wildlife Division, Michigan.
Hlokwe, T.M., van Helden, P. and Michel, A.L. (2014) Evidence of increasing intra and inter-species trans-
mission of Mycobacterium bovis in South Africa: are we losing the battle? Preventive Veterinary Medi-
cine 115, 10–17.
Hunter, D.L. (1996) Tuberculosis in free-ranging, semi free-ranging and captive cervids. Revue scientifique
et technique-Office International Epizootics 15(1), 171–181.
Hutchings, M.R. and Harris, S. (1997) Effects of farm management practices on cattle grazing behaviour
and the potential for transmission of bovine tuberculosis from badgers to cattle. The Veterinary Jour-
nal 153(2), 149–162.
Hutchings, S.A., Hancox, N. and Livingstone, P.G. (2013) A strategic approach to eradication of bovine TB
from wildlife in New Zealand. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 60, 85–91.
Jackson, R. (2002) The role of wildlife in Mycobacterium bovis infection of livestock in New Zealand. New
Zealand Veterinary Journal 50, 49–52.
Jackson, R., Cook, M.M., Coleman, J.D. and Morris, R.S. (1995) Naturally occurring tuberculosis caused
by Mycobacterium bovis in brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula). I. An epidemiological analysis
of lesion distribution. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 43, 306–314.
Jenkins, H.E., Morrison, W.I., Cox, D.R., Donnelly, C.A., Johnstone, W.T., et al. (2007a) The prevalence,
distribution and severity of detectable pathological lesions in badgers naturally infected with Mycobac-
terium bovis. Epidemiology and Infection 136, 1350–1361.
Jenkins, H.E., Woodroffe, R., Donnelly, C.A., Cox, D.R., Johnston, W.T., et al. (2007b) Effects of culling
on spatial associations of Mycobacterium bovis infections in badgers and cattle. Journal of Applied
Ecology 44, 897–908.
Johnson, L.K., Liebana, E., Nunz, A., Spencer, Y., Clifton-Hadley, R., et al. (2008) Histological observations
of bovine tuberculosis in lung and lymph node tissues from British deer. Veterinary Journal 175(3),
409–412.
Keet, D.F., Michel, A.L., Bengis, R.G., Becker, P., van Dyk, D.S., et al. (2010) Intradermal tuberculin testing
of wild African lions (Panthera leo) naturally exposed to infection with Mycobacterium bovis. Veteri-
nary Microbiology 144(3–4), 384–391.
Lugton, I.W., Wilson, P.R., Morris, R.S. and Nugent, G. (1998) Epidemiology and pathogenesis of Mycobac-
terium bovis infection of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal
46, 147–156.
Martín-Hernando, M.P., Höfle, U., Vicente, J., Ruiz-Fons, F., Vidal, D., et al. (2007) Lesions associated
with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex infection in the European wild boar. Tuberculosis 87,
360–367.
Martín-Hernando, M.P., Torres, M.J., Aznar, J., Negro, J.J., Gandía A., et al. (2010) Distribution of lesions
in red and fallow deer naturally infected with Mycobacterium bovis. Journal of Comparative Pathology
142, 43–50.
McDonald, R.A., Delahay, R.J., Carter, S.P., Smith, G.C., Cheeseman, C.L., et al. (2008) Perturbing impli-
cations of wildlife ecology for disease control. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23, 53–56.
McInerney, J., Small, K.J. and Caley, P. (1995) Prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis infection in feral pigs in
the Northern Territory. Australian Veterinary Journal 72(1981), 448–451.
Michel, A.L., et al. (2006) Wildlife tuberculosis in South African conservation areas: implications and chal-
lenges. Veterinary Microbiology 112(2–4), 91–100.