218 B.M. Buddle et al.
The field testing of BCG vaccine in possums
and badgers administered via oral or parenteral
routes have resulted in the induction of signifi-
cant levels of protection in these animals and a
parenteral BCG vaccine has now been licensed
for use in badgers in the UK. In wild boar, both
BCG and killed M. bovis vaccines have been
shown to protect these animals against TB and
the killed M. bovis vaccine is in the process of
being tested in other wildlife species as well. Oral
bait TB vaccines have been shown to be effective
in a number of wildlife species, but more
research is necessary to improve formulations
with appropriate attractants, systems for opti-
mizing bait distribution and avoiding bait uptake
by non-target species. In summary, there have
been major advances in the development and
testing of TB vaccines for domestic and wild ani-
mals in the past 5 to 10 years, and it is now
becoming more certain that TB vaccines will
play an important role in the control of bovine
TB in the near future.AcknowledgementsFunding has been received from AgResearch
(New Zealand) and the Department of Environ-
ment, Food and Rural Affairs (UK). Research on
heat-inactivated M. bovis is supported by Plan
Nacional I+D+i grant AGL2014-56305 from
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