34 The Economist June 11th 2022
The Americas
LatinAmericaneconomies
Ripple effects
W
hen russiainvaded Ukraine in Feb
ruary, it was not just Ukrainians who
suffered. The prices of wheat, oil and other
commodities that both countries produce
in large quantities rocketed, inflicting seri
ous pain on cashstrapped countries that
rely on imports. Some world leaders, how
ever, saw the bright side. “This crisis is a
good opportunity for us,” said Jair Bolsona
ro, Brazil’s president, in March. Similarly
last month Alberto Fernández, the presi
dent of Argentina, said that his country is
“a reservoir of what the world needs right
now: food and energy”.
Latin America’s economies are indeed
weathering the war better than many other
emerging markets’. But household budgets
across the region are being battered by
warinduced inflation. This shock comes
on top of several recent misfortunes. And
in the medium term, the outlook for some
Latin American economies is stormy.
Even before the war, 2022 promised to
bring plenty of discomfort to the emerging
world. As the year began, output remained
short of prepandemic trends across many
economies, and debt loads stood substan
tially higher. Supplychain problems and
rising prices throttled household con
sumption, while rising interest rates in
rich countries pulled capital away from
poor ones, increasing the financial pres
sure on firms and governments already
straining to make ends meet.
Wheat lifters
Latin America seemed to be among the
most troubled places. In January the imf
projected that its growth in 2022 would be
the lowest of any region in the world. Infla
tion surged in Argentina and Brazil. In its
most recent forecast the imfdowngraded
its projections for economic growth in rich
countries this year by 0.6 percentage
points, and that for emerging economies
by a whole percentage point.
Against this background, Latin America
has done rather well in the past three
months or so. Wheat and oil prices have
risen by more than 20% since the war be
gan. That is good news for Argentina, the
thirdlargest exporter of wheat in the
Americas after the United States and Cana
da. High oil and gas prices are also provid
ing a shot in the arm to exporters of hydro
carbons, such as Brazil and Colombia. Al
though prospects have dimmed for most
countries, the imf has revised up its
growth forecasts this year for Argentina,
Brazil, Peru and Colombia.
Elsewhere in the emerging world, the
soaring cost of food and energy threatens
to turn a difficult macroeconomic situa
tion into a horrendous one. In Sri Lanka
the drain on hardcurrency reserves
caused by the rising price of oil imports
forced the government to default on its ex
ternal debt in April. Across much of Latin
America, in contrast, foreign purchases of
pricey commodities have provided a stea
dy inflow of hard currency, enabling peo
ple and companies there to buy imports on
good terms. Many of the region’s curren
cies have gained value against the dollar, in
contrast to much of the rest of the emerg
ing world (see chart on next page).
That has provided politicians with
some room to try to protect voters from the
pain of high food and energy prices—a lux
ury many other countries cannot afford.
Pakistan’s government, for instance, is cut
ting fuel subsidies in a desperate bid to
avoid a fate similar to Sri Lanka’s. But in
Mexico the jump in money earned from oil
exports reduces the pressure to enact such
Some places have benefited from the war in Ukraine. But possibly not for long
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