metaphorically chucking themselves overboard. Yet
according to a slew of scientific studies, the explanation
for the apparent proliferation of altruism is that it bestows
some kind of benefit on those who practice it. Selfless
behaviour appears to be good for your health, mood and
even your longevity.
Most obviously, there is the rush of pleasure you get
from doing good, the so-called ‘helper’s high’. Like other
types of high, it is thought to come from the production in
the brain of morphine-like endorphins.
As well as the feel-good effect of endorphins, they also
appear to buffer people against the unhealthy
ramifications of stress. In 2013, US researchers
interviewed 846 people over the age of 65 about stressful
events they had experienced in the past year. They also
asked how much help they had given friends or family
over the same period, things like doing errands, minding
children, giving lifts and so on. When the figures were
crunched, it turned out the unhelpful people seemed to
have suffered from the stressful events in terms of
increased mortality, but those who had been helpful had
not. Indeed, helping others seemed to protect people’s
health in stressful periods more than being helped.
So what is going on in the brains of people who behave
altruistically? A study at Baylor College of Medicine in the
US showed that helpful people have greater activation in
the top and back of their temporal cortex that produces
recognition of other people as individuals, a prerequisite
for feeling empathy. Similarly, an fMRI study of kidney
donors by researchers at Georgetown University found
that, compared to non-donors, the donors had more
activity in the right amygdala. This is an area of the brain
that responds to emotional stimuli when seeing others in
distress. The activation pattern is exactly the opposite of
that seen in psychopaths.
Empathy, in turn, is associated with the production of
oxytocin. This is best known as the ‘bonding molecule’
and is produced by the bucketload in women giving birth
and by loving couples during sex. It even promotes
altruistic behaviour. In one experiment, researchers from
the University of Bonn asked people to either give moneyHelping others seems to
protect people’s health in
stressful periods more than
being helped
ILLUSTRATOR: KYLE SMARTSCIENCE