Interpretation and Method Empirical Research Methods and the Interpretive Turn

98 MEANING AND METHODOLOGY

Table 5.3Criteria and Techniques in Selected Literature(where relevant, techniques are listed below their associated criterion)

Lincoln and

Erlandson

Miles

and

Brower, Abolafia,

Additional

Study

Guba

et al.

1

Huberman

2

and Carr

terminology

3

Year

1985

1993

1994

2000

Date varies

Criteria

Credibility

Credibility

Following up

Authenticity

Trustworthiness

and

• Prolonged


• 
  

Prolonged

surprises

• Detailed description

(Lincoln and Guba

techniques

engagement

engagement

of data collection

198

5; Riessman 1993;

• Persistent


• Persistent

Making if-then tests

procedures

Finlay and Gough

observation

observation

• Thick, copious

2003);

• Triangulation


• Triangulation

Triangulation

description

Social implications

• Peer debriefing


• Peer debriefing


• Represent natives’

(Thomas 1993)

• Negative case

Looking for

view of the world

analysis

negative evidence

Individual perceptions:

• Referential


• Referential

Testing out with others

adequacy

adequacy

Representativeness

Plausibility

(Moustaka 1994)

• Member checks


• Member checks


• Description of
  
  
  • Reflexive journal
  
  
  • Reflexive journal
  
  
  
  

Feedback from

research methods

Replication; Validation

informants

• First person plural

(Seale 1999)

pronoun

Transferability

Transferability

Researcher effects

• Normalize the

Rigor (Morse and

• Thick description


• Thick description

atypical

Richards 2002)

• Reflexive journal


• Reflexive journal

Checking the

• Smooth contestable
  
  
  • Purposive sampling
  
  
  
  

meaning of outliers

findings

Evidentiality; Veracity(Atkinson, Coffey,

Ruling out spurious

and Delamont 2003)

relations