Before and After Muhammad The First Millennium Refocused

230 | INDEX

Sufism, 163, 211
Suhrawardī, philosopher, 203
Sunni- Shiite schism, 77, 90, 195–97
Sunnism, 157, 194
Sūraʾ Academy, 178–79, 180, 181n82
Syracuse, 103
Syria: caravan routes, 120
Syriac world, 55, 97–98, 105, 153, 177, 207,
221; historiography in, 75, and see also Elias
bar Shenaya; philosophy in, 141–47, 150–
51, 154n124
Syro- Roman law book, 170

Tabarī, historian, Qurʾanic exegete, 69, 78–79,
80, 81, 193, 195, 199, 203
teleolog y, 55n20, 86–87, 89–90
Tertullian, theologian, 137
Themistius, philosopher, 160
Theodore Abū Qurra, theologian, 152–53, 186–
87, 209–10
Theodosian code, 169–70, 171, 172, 183
Theolog y of Aristotle, 158–59, 160
Theophanes, historian, 81
Theophilus of Alexandria, bishop, 156
Theophilus of Edessa, scholar, 81
Theophylact Simocatta, historian, 75
Thomas Aquinas, theologian, 21
Tigris, 104, 120
Tillemont, Le Nain de, historian, 10n29, 21
Timothy I, Church of the East patriarch, 156
Torah, 175–76

Turks, 122

Tūs, 203

Twelve Tables, 166–67

Ulpian, jurist, 167

Umayyads, 123–24, 153; art of, 44, 220; histori-

ography of, 77

Unitarianism, 22

Universal history, 8

ʿUthmān, caliph, 190, 192, 195

Valla, L., scholar, 20

Varro, scholar, 146

Virgil, poet, 51, 70–71, 74, 171

Vogt, J., historian, 40–41

Ward- Perkins, B., historian, 45

Wickham, C., historian, 46–47, 88–90,

157n145

Wilhelm II, German emperor, 25, 35, 37

yahyā ibn ʿAdī, philosopher, 209, 211n54

yavneh/Jamnia, Council of, 192

yefet ben ʿEli, Karaite, 179–80

yemen, 115, 118, 121. See also Himyar

Zarathushtra, 124, 188–89, 200, 201, 202

Zaydi Shiʿism, 163, 205, 222

Zoroastrianism. See Avesta, Mazdaism,

Zarathushtra