The City of Rome 239
Christmas and Easter Monday of twenty solidi from the papal chamberlain as the
customary presbyterium.99
We also know from the Liber Censuum that although most of the scholae received
remuneration for their participation, only half the amount was distributed when
the consecration took place outside Rome. nevertheless, it seems that two scholae,
the ‘adextratores’ (a ceremonial mounted guard who accompanied the pope) and
the Jews, plus the clergy, received the full presbyterium because their duties were
not diminished when consecration took place outside the city:
But let it be known that the presbyterium of the scholae is not granted in the same way
as if he [the pope] had been consecrated in the city. for concerning their presbyterium
then [when outside the city] let it be cut back by half, with the exception of the Jews,
the clergy of the city and the adextratores.100These duties involved offering praises to the pope in Hebrew and presenting their
laws in the form of scrolls of the Torah.101 As we shall see, whereas in earlier cere-
monies popes were acclaimed by the threefold languages of Latin, Hebrew, and
Greek, later, when this trilingual acclamation was dropped, the Jews continued to
sing their own songs in Hebrew as they presented their Torah.102
PAPAL–JEWisH EnCounTERs
The papal adventus was a very particular way in which popes encountered the
Jewish community of Rome. The ceremony held by Calixtus ii when he entered
the city in 1120 was the first of the century. A German monk uodalscalcus
recorded at this event not just the applauding of the Greeks and Latins but the
confused cheering of the Jews; it seems that the ceremony included a Jewish acclam-
ation in Hebrew. such trilingual acclamations had long been performed for secular
rulers. indeed less than a decade earlier the Jews of Rome offered Hebrew praises
or laudes when Henry V entered the city. so in 1120, acclamations in Hebrew
which had been used to demonstrate loyalty to a gentile ruler were now used for
a pope.103 The traditional trilingual acclamation in Greek, Latin, and Hebrew,
offered in 1049 at the Roman adventus of Leo iX, involved the ‘sweet Hebrew
tongue’ of the Jews, though uodalscalcus was much less enthusiastic about such
99 Champagne, ‘Celestine iii and the Jews’, p.275.
100 Cencius Camerarius, ‘Liber Censuum’, in Le liber censuum de l’église romaine, ed. fabre,
Duchesne, Vol. 1, p.313: ‘sciendum vero quod presbyterium scolarum non ita datur sicut fuisset
consecratus in urbe. De presbyterio enim eorum tunc mediatas resecatur, exceptis Judeis et clericis
urbis et adextratoribus.’
101 Twyman, Papal Ceremonial at Rome in the Twelfth Century, pp.105–6. susan Twyman notes
on p.105 that ‘Censius points out that most of these societies were to receive remuneration for their
participation, but only half the amount distributed when the consecration took place in the city’
(my italics). This should read ‘outside the city’.
102 Twyman, Papal Ceremonial at Rome in the Twelfth Century, p.200; p.204.
103 Champagne, ‘Walking in the shadows of the Past’, p.489.