Papal Rhetoric: Heretics, Muslims, and Jews 265
Thus shall you by your actions show that you hate iniquity and love justice, when even
the Jews, protected by your might, are able to breathe freely under the shadow of your
wings... 112So both Gregory IX and Innocent IV appear more sympathetic to the plight of
Jews than Innocent III and Clement IV.113 nevertheless, all popes remained in
theory committed to the Pauline–Augustinian idea of protection.
112 Innocent IV, ‘Ex parte Judeorum’, Grayzel, Vol. 1, p.272; Simonsohn, p.196: ‘... ita quod te
odire iniquitatem ac deligere iustitiam, operum exhibitione demonstres. Ipsique Judei tua eos prote
gente potentia sub allarum tuarum umbra valeant respirare’.
113 For example, Gregory IX, ‘lachrymabilem Judeorum in’, Grayzel, Vol. 1, pp.226–8; Simonsohn,
pp.163–4; ‘lachrymabilem Judeorum in’, Grayzel, Vol. 1, pp.228–30; Simonsohn, p.165; Innocent IV, ‘Ex
parte Judeorum’, Grayzel, Vol. 1, p.268; Simonsohn, pp.193–4; ‘lachrymabilem Judeorum Alemannie’,
Grayzel, Vol. 1, pp.268–70; Simonsohn, pp.194–5; ‘Ex parte Judeorum’, Grayzel, Vol. 1, p.272;
Simonsohn, pp.195–6.