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NASA (FINALLY) INVESTIGATES Apollo Samples
NEARLY 50 YEARS AGO, between 1971
and 1972, some lunar materials were
brought back from the Moon to Earth by
Apollo astronauts. Nine “special samples”
were collected during the Apollo 15, 16,
and 17 missions and stored in containerswith indium knife-edge seals to maintain a
lunar-like vacuum. Apollo mission planners
devised these special sample contain-
ers to meticulously preserve fragile and
transitory sample characteristics (e.g.,
solar wind volatiles and volatile coatings).Three of these samples have remained
sealed in their original Apollo containers
until today.
Cosmochemists at Lawrence Liver-
more National Laboratory will get a chance
to analyze these Apollo 17 relics to study
the geologic history of the site where the
rocks were collected, a geologic cold
trap where water may have been able to
freeze. This marks the first time a sample
will be studied in detail since the end of the
Apollo program.
“Since the Apollo missions, science has
advanced, so the importance of volatiles
on the Moon has become more important.
Furthermore, the advance in analytical
tools over the past 50 years will let today’s
investigators make measurements that
were impossible during the Apollo mis-
sions,” says cosmochemist Lars Borg,
who will head the LLNL team.
Volatile elements are trapped in the
regolith of the lunar surface. Nearly the en-
tire lunar surface is covered with regolith,
and bedrock is only visible on the walls of
steep craters. Regolith is fine rock powder
created by meteorite bombardment of the
Moon’s surface over the past 4.5 billion
years.
Scientists estimate lunar regolith ex-
tends down 12 to 15 ft in some places, and
as deep as 45 ft in the older highland areas.
The mineral grains that make up the rego-
lith have large surface areas, ideal for trap-
ping volatile elements on the lunar surface.
A new NASA program, the Apollo Next
Generation Sample Analysis, has selected
nine teams to extend the science legacy
of the Apollo missions by studying piecesNewsOne of the Apollo 16 sample boxes is
opened in the Lunar Receiving Laboratory
on Earth. The box contains a large rock and
many small sample bags. (Courtesy: NASA)28 MAY 2019 MACHINE DESIGN