134 THE WIDENING WAR 1942
Copenhagen
B
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LG
IU
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Bucharest
Budapest
Vienna
Berlin
Prague
Brussels
Amsterdam
Riga
Vilnius
Kiev
Bratislava
Nikolayev
Westerbork Neuengamme
Bergen-Belsen
Mittelbau-Dora
'S-Hertogenbosch
Buchenwald
Plaszow
Bar
Edineti
Balanivka
Ananyiv
Mechelen
Natzweiler
Flossenbürg
Nuremberg
Dachau
Mauthausen
Danica
Stara
Gradiska
Jadovno
Jasenovac
Djakovo
Tasmajdan
Sajmiste
Ravensbrück
Sachsenhausen
Stutthof
Sachsenburg
Gross-
Rosen
London
Bozen
Theresienstadt
Lwow
Lublin
Sosnowiec
Czestochowa
Krakow
Lodz
Warsaw
Bialystok Minsk
Zagreb
Drancy
Fossoli Belgrade
Belzec
Majdanek
Sobibor
Auschwitz-
Birkenau
Treblinka
Jungfernhof
Maly
Trostinets
Chelmno
Kaunas
Ponary
Kharkov
Odessa
Kaiserwald
Jassy
Poltava
Novoukrainka
Pervomaisk
Smolensk
Pskov
Novoselye
Mezhno
Kikerino
Lindemannstadt
Zhitomir
Starobilsk
Moscow
Piatra Neamț
UNITED
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TURKEY
Locations of Einsatzgruppen
Sites of mass killings
GHETTOS AND KILLINGS 1939–1942
The plight of the Jews worsened with the outbreak
of war. Many were sent to ghettos in Poland—
gathering places for eventual deportation. Jewish
populations were rounded up in France, Belgium,
the Netherlands, and the former Yugoslavia (where
many were massacred). The worst mass killings
took place during the invasion of the Soviet Union,
when specially-appointed SS Einsatzgruppen are
thought to have killed almost 500,000 people.
ANTI-SEMITISM AND THE LAW 1933–1938 2
Hitler put his anti-Semitism into practice when the Nazi
Party came to power in 1933. In April 1933, Jewish
shops and businesses were subject to a boycott. Soon,
Jews were disbarred from the civil service, practicing
law, and owning farms. In 1935, new laws denied Jews
citizenship and criminalized sexual relationships
between Jews and ethnic Germans. Then, in 1938, the
assassination of a Nazi diplomat was used as the excuse
for Kristallnacht (see pp.30–31), a pogrom that saw the
destruction of Jewish-owned shops and synagogues.
1
First concentration
camp
Concentration camps
WAVES OF PERSECUTION
The organized and systematic persecution of Jews and other minorities
began in Germany, but expanded with the Nazi advances between 1940
and 1942. The most murderous phase took place in 1942 and 1943.
1930 1935 1940 1945 1950
1
2
3
4
TIMELINE
Wannsee meeting
Extermination camps
THE DEATH CAMPS 1942–1945
Nazi leaders sought a “final solution to the Jewish
question in Europe.” It was agreed by leading Nazi
officials in a meeting in Wannsee, Berlin, in January
- By the spring of 1942, freight trains were
carrying Jews from the ghettos to camps in the
east. The most lethal were the six purpose-built
death camps—Chelmno, Auschwitz-Birkenau,
Belzec, Majdanek, Sobibor, and Treblinka—in
occupied Poland.
3
Apr 15, 1945
British forces
liberate the
Bergen-Belsen
death camp.
Aug 4, 1944 Anne
Frank becomes one
of 100,000 Dutch
Jews sent to the
death camps.
Mar 27, 1942
France’s occupation
authorities begin
deporting 65,000 French
Jews through Drancy.
Sep 15, 1935
The Reichstag passes
anti-Jewish laws.
Jan 25, 1945 25,000
prisoners die at the
hands of the SS during
the evacuation of the
Stutthof camp.
Jun 25–29, 1941 An
estimated 4,000 Jews
are massacred in
Kaunas, Lithuania,
following the German
occupation of the city.
Oct 18, 1939 The first
Jewish deportees are
sent to the Lublin
Reservation camp.
Sep 12, 1942
The Nazi authorities
complete the deportation
of 265,000 Jews from the
Warsaw ghetto to Treblinka.
KEY
Greater Germany, Nov 1942
Axis-controlled territory
Allied territory
Ghettos
US_134-135_The_Holocaust.indd 134 20/03/19 3:55 PM