220 TURNING THE TIDE 1943–1944
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S S R
Xi’an
Shanghai
Macau Hong Kong
Kunming
Chihkiang
Guiyang
Liuzhou
Lingling
Hengyang
Suichuan
Nanning
Nanchang
Fuzhou
Taipei
Xiamen
Shantou
Changsha
Nanjing
Xuzhou
Hankou
Changde
Anking
Chongqing
Chengdu
Laohekou
Dinjan
Guangzhou
Guilin
Hanoi
Haikou
Vinh
Hangzhou
Nomonhan
Shenyang
Blagoveshchensk
Yichun
Kirin
Sapporo
Yingkou
Lüshunkou
Beijing
Zhangjiakou
Yan’an
Harbin
Tokyo
Osaka
Fukuoka
Kobe
Hiroshima
Changchun
Jixi
Jinzhou
Seoul
Tianjin
Jinan Qingdao
Zhengding
Taiyuan
Weifang
Luoyang Zhengzhou
◁ Defending the Great Wall
China’s 8th Route Army fight
Japanese invaders on a section
of the Great Wall south of Futuyu.
During the war, the 8th Route
Army, operating largely in northern
China, fought to establish guerrilla
bases behind Japanese lines.
Mar 30, 1940
Anti-Communist
defector Wang
Ching-wei, backed
by Japan, forms
a puppet regime.
1937–1945 Chongqing
serves as the Chinese
Nationalist capital.
May 1944 The Japanese
seize Henan province during
the Ichigo offensive.
May 15–Sep
1942 The Japanese
wage war in Zhejiang
and Jiangxi provinces.
May 1944 Supplies from Dinjan in Assam,
India, are carried to Kunming in Yunnan
province via The Hump air route.
Dec 24, 1941–Jan 15, 1942
The Japanese are defeated in
their offensive against Changsha.
Aug–Nov 1944 The Japanese seize
Guilin and Liuzhou, creating a land
bridge from China south to Indochina.
Nov 2–Dec 20, 1943
Nationalist forces survive
a major Japanese assault.
Jan 7–13, 1941 The New 4th Army
incident brings the truce between
Nationalists and Communists to an end.
NATIONALIST CHINA 1940–1944
The Nationalists governed China from their capital
at Chongqing (they had moved the capital inland
from Nanjing in 1937). Corrupt, and losing support
to the Communists, they fought an occasionally
effective campaign against the Japanese, both with
regular armies and by supporting guerrilla and
bandit forces. They attempted to neutralize
growing Communist strength by blockading
Communist-held areas.
1
Communist
zone
USAF 14th Air
Force bases
Nationalist guerrilla
and bandit forces
New 4th
Army incident
The Hump
air route
Nationalist
capital
COMMUNIST CHINA 1940–1944
By 1940, relations between the Nationalists and
Communists had broken down into conflict. In fall
1940, the Communist New 4th Army, surrounded
by Nationalist forces in south Anhui, attacked,
fighting a bitter battle in January 1941 known as the
New 4th Army incident. It was not until early 1944
that a delicate truce was reestablished.
2
US SUPPORT 1941–1944
The US supported Chinese action against Japan
by providing training to the Nationalist army. In
addition, the USAF 14th Air Force maintained
a number of air bases in the south from which they
inflicted damage on Japanese positions in China and
Taiwan, as well as on its shipping. Allied aircraft also
brought supplies for the Nationalists via an air route
from India known as “The Hump” (see panel, right).
3
US_220-221_China_and_japan_at_war.indd 220 22/03/19 2:40 PM