ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Acknowledgments
The publisher would like to thank the following for
their kind permission to reproduce their photographs:
Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-center; f-far; l-left;
r-right; t-top.
Smithsonian sources: National Museum of
American History (NMAH), National Portrait Gallery
(NPG), Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum,
National Museum of African American History and
Culture, Smithsonian American Art Museum,
National Postal Museum
1 The Bridgeman Art Library: Confederate
Memorial Hall, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA/Photo
© Civil War Archive (r); Gettysburg National Military
Park Museum, Pennsylvania, USA/Photo © Civil War
Archive (l). 2-3 Library Of Congress, Washington,
D.C.: LC-DIG-ppmsca-20753. 4 Corbis: Bettmann
(l/background); Junior Gonzalez/fstop (cr); Owaki/
Kulla (tc). Smithsonian Institution, NPG,
Washington, D.C.: (br). 5 Corbis: Ethel Davies/
Robert Harding World Imagery (t). Smithsonian
Institution, NMAH, Washington, D.C.: (bl) (br).
6 Dorling Kindersley: Courtesy of the Southern
Skirmish Association (t). Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D.C.: NPG (bl) NMAH (br). 7 Corbis:
Kevin Fleming (cr); Frans Lanting (cl). Smithsonian
Institution, Washington, D.C.: NMAH (bl) NPG
(br). 8 Smithsonian American Art Museum,
Washington, D.C. 10-11 Corbis: Bettmann
(background). TopFoto.co.uk: The Granger
Collection. 12 The Bridgeman Art Library: Private
Collection (br). Corbis: Bettmann (tl). Library Of
Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-DIG-
ppmsca-09398 (tr). Photo Scala, Florence: © 2010.
Image copyright The Metropolitan Museum of Art/
Art Resource (bl). 12-13 Corbis: Bettmann
(background). 13 The Bridgeman Art Library:
© Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, MA, USA
(cr); St. Louis Art Museum, Missouri, USA (br).
Corbis: Bettmann (t). 14 The Bridgeman Art
Library: Private Collection/© Michael Graham-
Stewart and Art Galleries, UK (bc). Corbis: David J.
& Janice L. Frent Collection (br). Getty Images: The
Bridgeman Art Library (tl). Smithsonian
Institution, NMAH, Washington, D.C.: (bl).
TopFoto.co.uk: The Granger Collection (tr). 14-15
Corbis: Bettmann (background). 15 Smithsonian
Institution, Washington, D.C.: (tl) NPG (br) (clb)
(tr) NMAH (ca). TopFoto.co.uk: The Granger
Collection (bl). 16 The Bridgeman Art Library: St.
Louis Art Museum, Missouri, USA (tr). Smithsonian
Institution, NMAH, Washington, D.C.: (cl) (bl).
16-39 Corbis: Owaki/Kulla (t). 17 The Bridgeman
Art Library: Private Collection/Peter Newark
American Pictures (c). Getty Images: The
Bridgeman Art Library (br). 18-19 Smithsonian
American Art Museum, Washington, D.C.
20 Corbis: Bettmann (bl). Library Of Congress,
Washington, D.C.: LC-DIG-pga-00800 (tr).
20-21 TopFoto.co.uk: The Granger Collection (b).
21 Corbis: David J. & Janice L. Frent Collection (t).
Smithsonian Institution, NMAH, Washington,
D.C.: (br). 22 Corbis: Bettmann (t). Getty Images:
FPG (cl). Smithsonian Institution, NMAH,
Washington, D.C.: (b). 23 Library Of Congress,
Washington, D.C.: LC-DIG-ppmsca-09398 (b).
Smithsonian Institution, NPG, Washington,
D.C.: (tr). 24 Smithsonian Institution, NPG,
Washington, D.C.: (l). 25 Alamy Images: Aurora
Photos (c). The Art Archive: (t). Corbis: Kelly-
Mooney Photography (br). 26 The Bridgeman Art
Library: Private Collection/© Michael Graham-
Stewart and Art Galleries, UK (t). Smithsonian
Institution, NPG, Washington, D.C.: (b). 27 The
Bridgeman Art Library: © Massachusetts Historical
Society, Boston, MA, USA (l). Library Of Congress,
Washington, D.C.: (r). TopFoto.co.uk: The Granger
Collection (b). 28-29 The Bridgeman Art Library:
© Chicago History Museum, USA. 30 Smithsonian
Institution, NPG, Washington, D.C.: (tl). NMAH
(tr). 31 Corbis: (t); Bettmann (b). 32 Library Of
Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-USZ62-92043 (t).
TopFoto.co.uk: The Granger Collection (bl).
33 Getty Images: (l). Smithsonian Institution,
NMAH, Washington, D.C.: (r). 34 Corbis: (b).
Library Of Congress, Washington, D.C.: (t).
35 Photo Scala, Florence: © 2010. Image copyright
The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource (tr).
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.,
NMAH: (t) NPG: (bl). 36 Corbis: Bettmann (cl);
David J. & Janice L. Frent Collection (t). TopFoto.
co.uk: The Granger Collection (b). 37 Corbis:
Bettmann (tr). Library Of Congress, Washington,
D.C.: LC-USZ62-48564 (br). Smithsonian
Institution, NMAH, Washington, D.C.: (c).
38 Smithsonian Institution, NPG, Washington,
D.C.: (l) (r). 39 Corbis: Walter Bibikow (tl); David J.
& Janice L. Frent Collection (br). Smithsonian
Institution, NPG, Washington, D.C.: (tr) (bl).
40-41 Getty Images. 42 Corbis: (br). Getty
Images: The Bridgeman Art Library (tl). Library
Of Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-DIG-pga-00335
(bl). 42-43 Corbis: Bettmann (background).
43 Corbis: Bettmann (cr). Getty Images: (br).
Library Of Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-DIG-
pga-02051 (t). New York State Military Museum
& Veterans Research Center, Division of
Military and Naval Affairs: (tr). 44 Corbis:
Bettmann (bl) (cb). Dorling Kindersley:
Confederate Memorial Hall, New Orleans (tc);
LC-USZ62-42025 (cr). Library Of Congress,
Washington, D.C.: LC-DIG-pga-02817 (tl). U.S.
Naval Academy Museum: (br). 44-45 Corbis:
Bettmann (background). 45 Alamy Images: Mary
Evans Picture Library (cr). The Bridgeman Art
Library: © Collection of the New-York Historical
Society, USA (tl). Corbis: (tr); Museum of the City
of New York (bl). Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D.C.: (bc) NMAH (c). 46 Library Of
Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-USZC4-4584 (b).
Smithsonian Institution, NPG, Washington,
D.C.: (tl). 46-77 Corbis: Junior Gonzalez/fstop (t).
47 Corbis: (tr). Dorling Kindersley: Confederate
Memorial Hall, New Orleans (br). Library Of
Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-DIG-pga-02817
(l). 48 Corbis: Bettmann (r) (l). 49 Library Of
Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-DIG-
ppmsca-23869 (br). Smithsonian Institution,
NPG, Washington, D.C.: (t) (cb). 50 The
Bridgeman Art Library: © Collection of the
New-York Historical Society, USA. 51 Corbis: (bl);
Bettmann (tr). Getty Images: The Bridgeman Art
Library (br). 52-53 Corbis: Bettmann.
54 Smithsonian Institution, NPG, Washington,
D.C.: (t). 54-55 The Bridgeman Art Library:
Virginia Historical Society, Richmond, Virginia, US
(b). 55 Corbis: Bettmann (t). 56 The Bridgeman
Art Library: Private Collection/Photo © Civil War
Archive (br). Dorling Kindersley: Peter Keim (bl).
New York State Military Museum & Veterans
Research Center, Division of Military and Naval
Affairs: (cr). Smithsonian Institution, NMAH,
Washington, D.C.: (tr) (bc) (cl). 57 Dorling
Kindersley: Confederate Memorial Hall, New
Orleans (cra) (bl) (cl) (crb) (tc) (tr). Smithsonian
Institution, NMAH, Washington, D.C.: (tl) (br).
58 The Art Archive: Culver Pictures (l). The
Bridgeman Art Library: © Chicago History
Museum, USA (br). 59 The Bridgeman Art
Library: © Collection of the New-York Historical
Society, USA (b). New York State Military
Museum & Veterans Research Center, Division
of Military and Naval Affairs: (t). 60 Library Of
Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-DIG-pga-00335
(t). 61 Corbis: Bettmann (br). Dorling Kindersley:
Confederate Memorial Hall, New Orleans (t);
LC-USZ62-103202 (cr). Library Of Congress,
Washington, D.C.: LC-DIG-cwpbh-01095 (l). 62-63
Corbis: Museum of the City of New York. 64 Corbis:
Bettmann (b). 65 Corbis: Tria Giovan (bl). Getty
Images: (t). Library Of Congress, Washington,
D.C.: LC-DIG-pga-00385 (br); LC-USZC4-1739 (bl).
66 Library Of Congress, Washington, D.C.:
LC-DIG-ppmsca-19389 (r). 67 Corbis: (c). Library
Of Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-DIG-
ppmsca-17561 (br). Smithsonian Institution,
NMAH, Washington, D.C.: (t) (bl). 68 Corbis:
Bettmann (b). Dorling Kindersley: Confederate
Memorial Hall, New Orleans (tr). Library Of
Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-DIG-
ppmsca-07785 (tl). 69 Courtesy of the Putnam
County Historical Society & Foundry School
Museum, Cold Spring, New York: John Ferguson
Weir (1841-1926) , The Gun Foundry, 1866 (t).
Getty Images: (b). 70 Kansas State Historical
Society: (tl). Smithsonian Institution, NPG,
Washington, D.C.: (tr). The State Historical
Society of Missouri: (b). 71 Corbis: Bettmann (t).
Library Of Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-DIG-
pga-02051 (b). 72 Library Of Congress,
Washington, D.C.: LC-USZ61-146 (t). 72-73
Corbis: Francis G Mayer. 73 Library Of Congress,
Washington, D.C.: LC-DIG-npcc-19646 (r).
Smithsonian Institution, NPG, Washington,
D.C.: (t). 74-75 U.S. Naval Academy Museum.
76 Alamy Images: Mary Evans Picture Library (b).
Corbis: (r). Library Of Congress, Washington,
D.C.: LC-USZ62-42025 (tl). 77 Alamy Images:
Mary Evans Picture Library (tr). The Bridgeman
Art Library: Chateau de Versailles, France/Giraudon
(l). 78-79 Library Of Congress, Washington, D.C.:
LC-DIG-pga-01860. 80 Corbis: Bettmann (tr); David
Muench (tl). Getty Images: Time & Life Pictures
(br). Smithsonian Institution, NMAH,
Washington, D.C.: (bl). 80-81 Corbis: Bettmann
(background). 81 Getty Images: (br); LC-DIG-
pga-00540 (cr). Library Of Congress, Washington,
D.C.: LC-DIG-pga-03975 (tr). Smithsonian
Institution, Washington, D.C.: (tc). 82 The
Bridgeman Art Library: Private Collection/Photo
© Civil War Archive (clb). Corbis: (c); The Corcoran
Gallery of Art (cr); LC-DIG-cwpb-01693 (tr). Library
Of Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-DIG-
ppmsca-20506 (br). Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D.C.: (bl). 82-83 Corbis: Bettmann
(background). 83 Alamy Images: Witold Skrypczak
(br). The Bridgeman Art Library: American
Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
(tl). Corbis: Bettmann (c). Library Of Congress,
Washington, D.C.: LC-DIG-cwpb-03791 (tr).
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.: (tc).
84 The Bridgeman Art Library: Museum of the
Confederacy, Richmond, Virginia, USA/Photo © Civil
War Archive (b) (tr); Private Collection/Peter Newark
American Pictures (tl). 84-153 Corbis: Ethel Davies/
Robert Harding World Imagery (t). 85 Corbis: Tria
Giovan (t). Library Of Congress, Washington,
D.C.: LC-USZC4-13352 (b). 86 The Bridgeman Art
Library: Confederate Memorial Hall, New Orleans,
Louisiana, USA/Photo © Civil War Archive (tr);
Museum of the Confederacy, Richmond, Virginia,
USA/Photo © Civil War Archive (c); Private
Collection/Photo © Civil War Archive (clb) (bl) (r).
Dorling Kindersley: Confederate Memorial Hall,
New Orleans (bc); Southern Skirmish Association
(cl). 87 The Bridgeman Art Library: Confederate
Memorial Hall, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA/Photo
© Civil War Archive (ftl) (bc) (br) (cl) (tl); Museum
of the Confederacy, Richmond, Virginia, USA/Photo
© Civil War Archive (ftr) (cr); Private Collection/
Photo © Civil War Archive (tr) (c). Corbis: Tria
Giovan (bl). 88 The Bridgeman Art Library:
Gettysburg National Military Park Museum,
Pennsylvania, USA/Photo © Civil War Archive (tr).
Corbis: Tria Giovan (bl). 89 The Bridgeman Art
Library: Indianapolis Museum of Art, USA/James
E. Roberts and Martha Delzell Memorial Funds (l);
Private Collection/Photo © Civil War Archive (tr).
90 The Bridgeman Art Library: Gettysburg
National Military Park Museum, Pennsylvania, USA/
Photo © Civil War Archive (cla) (tr/hardee); Private
Collection/Photo © Civil War Archive (ftl) (c) (ftr)
(tl). Corbis: Tria Giovan (b) (clb) (cr). Dorling
Kindersley: US Army Heritage and Education
Center - Military History Institute (br). 91 The
Bridgeman Art Library: Museum of the
Confederacy, Richmond, Virginia, USA/Photo © Civil
War Archive (tr); National Museum of American
History, Smithsonian Inst., USA/Photo © Civil War
Archive (bl) (cl); Private Collection/Photo © Civil
War Archive (cra) (br). 92 The Bridgeman Art
Library: Private Collection/Photo © Civil War
Archive (bc). Library Of Congress, Washington,
D.C.: LC-USZC4-6128 (cl). Smithsonian
Institution, Cooper-Hewitt National Design
Museum, Washington, D.C.: (tr). 93 Corbis:
Bettmann (br). Smithsonian Institution, NMAH,
Washington, D.C.: (c). 94 The Bridgeman Art
Library: Private Collection/Peter Newark American
Pictures (bl). Naval Historical Foundation,
Washington, D.C.: (br). 94-95 Corbis. 95 Dorling
Kindersley: US Army Heritage and Education
Center - Military History Institute (bl). Library Of
Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-DIG-cwpbh-04058
(br). 96 Corbis: Medford Historical Society
Collection. 97 The Bridgeman Art Library: Private
Collection/Peter Newark American Pictures (t).
Corbis: Bettmann (r). Getty Images: (br).
Smithsonian Institution, NMAH, Washington,
D.C.: (cb). 98 Corbis: Bettmann (r) (l). 99 Corbis:
Bettmann (r); Burstein Collection (b). Smithsonian
Institution, NMAH, Washington, D.C.: (t).
100 Corbis: Bettmann (l). 100-101 The Bridgeman
Art Library: © Chicago History Museum, USA.
101 Corbis: Bettmann (tl). Library Of Congress,
Washington, D.C.: LC-USZC4-1737 (r). 102-103
Naval Historical Foundation, Washington, D.C..
104 The Bridgeman Art Library: © Chicago
History Museum, USA (b). 104-105 Library Of
Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-DIG-pga-03975
(t). 105 Corbis: (br). Library Of Congress,
Washington, D.C.: LC-DIG-cwpb-07216 (c).
106 Corbis: Bettmann (bl). 107 Library Of
Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-DIG-pga-00540.
108-109 Library Of Congress, Washington, D.C.:
LC-DIG-pga-04037. 110 Corbis: Tria Giovan (tr).
110-111 Getty Images: James Green/Robert
Harding. 111 Library Of Congress, Washington,
D.C.: LC-DIG-ppmsca-20506 (tl). 112 Corbis: Tria
Giovan (bl). Smithsonian Institution, NPG,
Washington, D.C.: (r). 113 Corbis: Bettmann (r).
Getty Images: (bl). Library Of Congress,
Washington, D.C.: LC-USZ62-116988 (t). 114 The
Bridgeman Art Library: Private Collection/Photo
© Civil War Archive (t) (c). Dorling Kindersley:
Confederate Memorial Hall, New Orleans (b). Rock
Island Auction Company: (ca/Mississippi).
Smithsonian Institution, NMAH, Washington,
D.C.: (ca/Enfield). 115 The Bridgeman Art
Library: Gettysburg National Military Park Museum,
Pennsylvania, USA/Photo © Civil War Archive (c)
(bl) (cb); Museum of the Confederacy, Richmond,
Virginia, USA/Photo © Civil War Archive (br).
Dorling Kindersley: Gettysburg National Military
Park, PA (crb/sword bayonet). Smithsonian
Institution, NMAH, Washington, D.C.: (cb/
Barnett Enfield) (t) (tr/Richmond). 116 Library Of
Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-DIG-cwpb-01693
(bl). Smithsonian Institution, NPG, Washington,
D.C.: (br). 116-117 Photograph © 2010 Museum
of Fine Arts, Boston: Gift of Maxim Karolik for the
M and M Karolik Collection of American Paintings,
1815-1865, 45.890 (t). 118 The Bridgeman Art
Library: American Antiquarian Society, Worcester,
Massachusetts, USA (t). Corbis: Bettmann (br).
119 Getty Images: Time & Life Pictures (br).
Library Of Congress, Washington, D.C.:
LC-USZ62-90541 (cr). Smithsonian Institution,
NMAH, Washington, D.C.: (t). 120 Library Of
Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-DIG-
ppmsca-22377 (t). 121 Corbis: Bettmann (tl); David
Muench (bl). Library Of Congress, Washington,
D.C.: LC-DIG-ppmsca-20512 (br). 122-123 Corbis:
Bettmann. 124 The Bridgeman Art Library:
Private Collection/Peter Newark American Pictures
(r). Corbis: The Corcoran Gallery of Art (l). 125 The
Bridgeman Art Library: Private Collection (br).
Corbis: Bettmann (t); Tria Giovan (bl). 126 Corbis:
Bettmann (tl); LC-DIG-ppmsca-20602 (tr). Library
Of Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-DIG-pga-01231
(bl). 127 Library Of Congress, Washington, D.C.:
LC-DIG-cwpb-04106 (b). Smithsonian Institution,
NPG, Washington, D.C.: (tr). 128 Dorling
Kindersley: Confederate Memorial Hall, New
Orleans (br) (ca/case shot); Gettysburg National
Military Park, PA (ca) (bl) (cb); US Army Heritage
and Education Center - Military History Institute (t).
129 The Bridgeman Art Library: Private
Collection/Photo © Civil War Archive (ca/quadrant);
Confederate Memorial Hall, New Orleans (fcl).
Dorling Kindersley: Confederate Memorial Hall,
New Orleans - Collection of Mike Cherry (cl);
Gettysburg National Military Park, PA (b) (ftr) (tc)
(tr). 130 Corbis: Tria Giovan. 131 The Bridgeman
Art Library: Museum of the Confederacy,
Richmond, Virginia, USA/Photo © Civil War Archive
(cr). Library Of Congress, Washington, D.C.:
G1291.S5 H6 1865 Vault : Hotch 2 (t); LC-DIG-
cwpbh-04849 (bl). Smithsonian Institution, NPG,
Washington, D.C.: (br). 132 Getty Images: Hulton
Archive (br). 132-133 The Bridgeman Art Library:
Antietam Battlefield Park, Maryland, USA/Photo ©
Civil War Archive (t). 133 Corbis: Bettmann (br)
(bl). 134-135 Getty Images. 136 Library Of
Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-DIG-cwpb-03791
(t). 137 Alamy Images: Witold Skrypczak (br).
Corbis: Medford Historical Society Collection (tr).
Library Of Congress, Washington, D.C.:
LC-USZ62-134479 (bl). 138-139 The Bridgeman
Art Library: Private Corbis: Bettmann (tl). Library
Of Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-DIG-
cwpb-05992 (tr). 140-141 Corbis: George H.H. Huey
(b). 141 The Art Archive: National Archives
Washington D.C. (tr). Smithsonian Institution,
NMAH, Washington, D.C.: (tl). 142 Library Of
Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-DIG-
ppmsca-22939 (bl). Smithsonian Institution,
NMAH, Washington, D.C.: (t). 143 Alamy
Images: offiwent.com (bl). Library Of Congress,
Washington, D.C.: LC-DIG-cwpb-06052 (br).
144 Corbis: Bettmann (l). 145 Corbis: Tria Giovan
(bl). Smithsonian Institution, NPG, Washington,
D.C.: (t). Mark Yearian: (br). 146-147 Corbis.
148 The Bridgeman Art Library: Vermont
Historical Society, VT, USA (tr). Dorling Kindersley:
Musée de l’Emperi, Salon-de-Provence (tl). Getty
Images: (b). 149 The Bridgeman Art Library:
Private Collection/Photo © Civil War Archive (br).
150-151 Library Of Congress, Washington, D.C.:
LC-DIG-pga-01855. 152 The Bridgeman Art
Library: Private Collection/Photo © Civil War
Archive (ca) (cb). Dorling Kindersley: Confederate
Memorial Hall, New Orleans (b); Gettysburg National
Military Park, PA (cb/saber). Smithsonian
Institution, NMAH, Washington, D.C.: (ca/
Spencer) (c/Spencer). 153 The Bridgeman Art
Library: Gettysburg National Military Park Museum,
Pennsylvania, USA/Photo © Civil War Archive (t);
Museum of the Confederacy, Richmond, Virginia,
USA/Photo © Civil War Archive (br); Private
Collection/Photo © Civil War Archive (cl) (bc).
Dorling Kindersley: Confederate Memorial Hall,
New Orleans (c) (cb) (cr); Gettysburg National
Military Park, PA (ca); US Army Heritage and
Education Center - Military History Institute (fcr).
154-155 TopFoto.co.uk: The Granger Collection.
156 Corbis: Bettmann (tl) (br). Smithsonian
Institution, NPG, Washington, D.C.: (tr) (bl).
156-157 Corbis: Bettmann (background).
157 Corbis: Bettmann (tc) (tr). Getty Images: (br).
Library Of Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-DIG-
pga-01846 (cr). 158 Dorling Kindersley:
Confederate Memorial Hall, New Orleans (cb). Getty
Images: (tr) (cr); LC-DIG-ppmsca-22467 (br).
Library Of Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-DIG-
ppmsca-19395 (bl). Smithsonian Institution,
NMAH, Washington, D.C.: (tl). 158-159 Corbis:
Bettmann (background). 159 Dorling Kindersley:
Gettysburg National Military Park, PA (cra). Library
Of Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-DIG-
cwpb-03431 (tr). Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D.C.: NPG (crb) NMAH (bl). State
Museum of PA, PA Historical and Museum
Commission: (cl). 160 Corbis: Bettmann (t).
160-229 Dorling Kindersley: Courtesy of the
Southern Skirmish Association (t). 161 The
Bridgeman Art Library: © Collection of the
New-York Historical Society, USA (cr). Corbis: Tim