Fig. 9.3.1 Repetitive data can come from almost anywhere.

Universal Identifiers

As data are stored in big data and as textual disambiguation is used to bring the data into
a standard database format, the subject of universal identifiers or universal measurement
arises. Because data come from such diverse sources, because there is little or no
discipline or uniformity of data across disparate sources, and because there is a need to
relate data to common measurements, there is a need for uniform measurement
characteristics across the universe from which data come.

Some universal measurements are fairly obvious; other universal measurements are not.

Three standard or universal measurements of data might include the following:

Time—Greenwich mean time

Date—Julian date

Money—US dollar

Undoubtedly, there are other universal measurements. And each of these measurements

Chapter 9.3: Repetitive Analysis