Openness, 212– 213
Oppression, 126– 127
Organizational identity, 253– 254
Orwell, George, 399
PPace, 329– 330
Pagel, Mark, 5
Paralanguage, 321– 323
Parks, Rosa, 163
Particularism, 239
Pasternak, Boris, 170
Past-oriented cultures, 218
Patriarchal Caliphate, 191
Perception, 200–201, 303– 304
Persecution, 126– 127
Personal appearance, 345
Personal control, 206– 207
Personal distance, 323
Personal identity, 27, 245–246, 254
Personal space, 323– 325
Person/nature orientation, 216– 217
Pew Research Center, 14
Physical attacks, 394– 395
Pilgrimage, 133
Pollution, 10
Polychronic (P-Time) culture,
330 – 332
Popular culture, 55
Posture, 309– 310
Power
definition of, 398– 399
intercultural communication, 399
Power distance, 227– 228
Practicality, 213
Prayer, 133
Prejudice
avoiding, 395– 396
causes of, 393
definition of, 392
expressions of, 394– 395
functions of, 392– 393
Present-oriented cultures, 218
Privacy, 47, 209– 210
Procedural knowledge, 62
Professional touching, 317
Protocols, business, 344– 346
Proverbs, learning culture, 45– 47
Proxemics, 323
Public distance, 323
Punctuality, 328– 329
Putin, Vladimir, 170
QQur’an. See Koran
R
Racial identity, 248
Racism
categories of, 397
countering, 397– 398
definition of, 396– 397
description, 396
Reagan, Ronald, 212
Reality interpretations, 140
Receiver, 29
Reciprocity, 156
Redefinition stage, 258
Regional identity, 252– 253
Reintegration stage, 258
Relational identity, 246
Relational self-construal, 254
Relativism, 401– 402
Religion.See alsoBuddhism; Christianity;
Confucianism; Hinduism; Islam;
Judaism
common elements, 113– 117
culture in, 57
ethics, 116– 117
globalization and, 111
human behavior and, 110– 112
rituals, 115– 116
sacred writings, 114– 115
speculation, 114
traditions for study, 112– 113
twenty-first century, 111– 112
violence and, 111– 112
as world view, 108– 110
Religious tolerance, 157– 159
Reproductive function, 78
Resistance and separatism stage, 257
Resistance stage, 257– 258
Right action, 148
Right concentration, 149
Right efforts, 148
Right livelihood, 148
Right mindfulness, 148– 149
Right purpose, 148
Right speech, 148
Right view, 148
Russell, Bertrand, 398
Russian culture
contemporary social issues, 171
history, 168– 171S
Salat, 133
Sandburg, Carl, 275
Sapir–Whorf hypothesis, 271– 272
Sawm, 133
Scapegoating, 393Scents, 319– 320
Scientific/biomedical healthcare, 369– 370
Seating arrangements, 325– 326
Selective perception, 201
Self-help, 210
Self-reflective human communication,
33 – 34
Self-responsibility, 405
Sexual touch, 318
Shahadah, 132
Shang Dynasty, 173
Sharia law, 135– 136
Sholohov, Mikhail, 170
Short-term orientation, 230
Silence, 46–47, 331– 334
Simultaneous interpretation, 285
Skills.See alsoSocial skills
communication flexibility, 65
intercultural listening, 64– 65
to tolerate ambiguity, 65– 66
Skin color, 304– 305
Slang, 275
Social cohesion, 267– 268
Social distance, 323
Social harmony, 47
Social identities
cause of prejudice, 393
cyberidentity, 255
definition, 245
ethnic identity, 250– 251
fantasy identity, 255
gender identity, 248– 249
national identity, 251– 252
organizational identity, 253– 254
other identities, 255– 256
personal identity, 254
racial identity, 248
regional identity, 252– 253
Social interaction, 266– 267
Socialization function, 79
Social justice, 127
Social organizations, 58– 59
Social politeness touching, 318
Social skills.See alsoSkills
aggressive behavior, 98– 99
communication skills, 98
cultural skills, 97– 98
importance of, 97
Societal sources, 393
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 170
Source, 28
Space, distance and, 323– 327
Spanishlanguage, 278– 279
Spirituality, as world view, 107– 108
Stalin, Joseph, 170
Stark, Freya, 277
Statement of Belief, 132452 Index
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