A42 Endnotes
3 7. For evidence, see Edwards, On Deaf Ears.
3 8. George C. Edwards III, Predicting the Presidency: The Potential
of Persuasive Leadership (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University
Press, 2015).
3 9. Stephen Skowronek, Presidential Leadership in Political
Time: Reprise and Reappraisal, 2nd ed., revised and expanded
(Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2011).
Chapter 13
1. Dwight Waldo, The Administrative State: A Study of the
Political Theory of American Public Administration (1948; repr.
Piscataway, NJ: Transaction, 2006).
2. For details, see Cornelius Kerwin, Rulemaking: How
Government Agencies Write Law and Make Policy ( Washing ton,
DC: CQ Press, 1999).
3. Enterprise Risk Management Initiative, “Costs Associated
with Regulatory Risks,” December 31, 2008, http://www.mgt.ncsu.
edu/erm/index.php/articles/entry/regulatory-risk-cost/
(accessed 2/3/10).
4. Andrew Pollack, “New Sense of Caution at FDA,” New York
Times, September 29, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/29/
business/29caution.html?_r=0 (accessed 8/29/16).
5. There are two exceptions. A patient can enroll in a clinical
trial for a new drug during the approval process, but there is a
good chance that the patient will get a placebo or a previously
approved treatment rather than the drug being tested. The FDA
does allow companies to provide some experimental drugs to
patients who cannot participate in a trial, but only those drugs
that have passed early screening trials.
6. Susan Okie, “Access before Approval—a Right to Take
Experimental Drugs?,” New England Journal of Medicine 355
(2004): 437–40.
7. Stephen Skowronek, Building a New American State: The
Expansion of National Administrative Capacities, 1877–1920
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982).
8. Terry Moe, “An Assessment of the Positive Theory of
Congressional Dominance,” Legislative Studies Quarterly 4
(1987): 475– 98.
9. Leon Neyfakh, “The FCC Just Voted to Reduce the Exorbitant
Cost of Prison Phone Calls,” Slate, October 22, 2015, http://www.slate.
com/blogs/the_slatest/2015/10/22/prison_ phone_calls_the_
fcc_is_finally _making _them_cheaper.html (accessed 5/6/16).
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1 5. Nelson, “A Short, Ironic History of American National
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1 6. John Aldrich, Why Parties? (Chicago: University of Chicago
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1 7. Nelson, “A Short, Ironic History of American National
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1 8. Matthew A. Crenson, The Federal Machine: Beginnings of
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1 9. James Q. Wilson, “The Rise of the Bureaucratic State,” in The
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(New York: Basic Books, 1976).
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3 0. Charles Murray, Losing Ground: American Social Policy,
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3 1. Henry J. Aaron, Politics and the Professors: The Great Society in
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3 2. Michael B. Katz, In the Shadow of the Poorhouse: A Social History
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3 3. Richard P. Nathan, The Administrative Presidency (New York:
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3 4. Andrew Rudalevige, “The Structure of Leadership: Presidents,
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3 5. David E. Lewis, Presidents and the Policy of Agency Design (Palo
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3 6. Terry M. Moe, “An Assessment of the Positive Theory of
Congressional Dominance,” Legislative Studies Quarterly 4
(1987): 475– 98.
3 7. William A. Niskanen, Bureaucracy and Public Economics
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3 8. Alan Schick and Felix LoStracco, The Federal Budget: Politics,
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3 9. Joel D. Aberbach, “The Political Significance of the George W.
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(2005): 130–49.
4 0. David E. Lewis, “The Politics of Agency Termination:
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