William_T._Bianco,_David_T._Canon]_American_Polit

A82 Glossary/Index

independent agencies, 470–72 Govern-

ment offices or organizations that

provide government services

and are not part of an executive

department.

Independents, 278, 288

identification with, 274–76, 275

nomination of candidates, 279

India, 562, 643

Indiana, 192, 608

Indian Removal Act (1830), 154

individualism, economic, 15

Indivisible movement, 347

i nequ a l it y. See equality

inflation, 534–35 The increase in the

price of consumer goods over time.

and hyperinflation, 559, 559

and interest rates, 535, 539, 559

Misery Index on, 534, 535

and monetary policies, 558

trade-offs between economic goals

in, 539

and unemployment rate, 534, 535

information, political. See political

information

informational theory, 403 The idea that

having committees in Congress

made up of experts on specific policy

areas helps ensure well-informed

policy decisions.

infrastructure repairs, 97

initiatives, 363–64 A direct vote by

citizens on a policy change proposed

by fellow citizens or organized

groups outside government. Getting

a question on the ballot typically

requires collecting a set number of

signatures from registered voters

in support of the proposal. There is

no mechanism for a national-level

initiative.

In re Oliver 333 U.S. 257 (1948), 113

inside strategies, 355–59 The tactics

employed within Washington, D.C.,

by interest groups seeking to achieve

their policy goals.

Instagram, 360

institutional interest groups, 343

intelligence agencies, 628

The Intercept, 244

interest groups, 269, 313, 340–73 An

organization of people who share

common political interests and

aim to influence public policy by

electioneering and lobbying.

in campaign financing, 347, 361–63,

366

centralized, 347, 348

and collective action problems,

352–54, 353

confederation model, 347

congressional testimony of, 358

definition of, 342

direct lobbying by, 355–58, 364

expertise in, 351–52

foreign policy role of, 631, 634

gifts to Congress from, 349

grassroots lobbying by, 359–60

implementing or preventing

change, 366–68

incentives for participation in,

353–54

initiatives and referenda of, 363–64

inside strategies of, 355–59

legislation and regulations drafted

by, 3 58

litigation strategies of, 358–59, 359

media coverage on, 363

membership in, 347, 350, 351

organizational structure of, 347

outside strategies of, 355, 356, 357,

359–64

political action committees. See

political action committees

power and influence of, 365–69

research of, 358

resources of, 350–52

restrictions on, 349

revolving door with Congress, 348,

349

salience of goals, 368

social policy issues of, 586

spending by, 344, 344–47, 351, 364

staff of, 347–48, 351–52, 358, 359

and Supreme Court decisions, 519

types of, 343

interest group state, 343 A government

in which most policy decisions are

determined by the influence of

interest groups.

interest rates

discount rate, 558

federal funds rate, 558

and Federal Reserve System, 535,

539, 545, 547

on home loans, 533, 579

and inflation rate, 534, 539, 559

monetary policies on, 533, 557, 558

and Treasury Department, 548

intergovernmental organizations, 636

Organizations that seek to coordi-

nate policy across member nations.

Interior Department, 82, 85, 470, 474 ,

496

discretionary spending on, 553

and grazing rights, 563

intermediate scrutiny, 118, 121, 1 7 7, 178,

179 The middle level of scrutiny the

courts can use when determining

whether a law is constitutional. To

meet this standard, the law or policy

must be “content neutral,” must

further an important government

interest in a way that is “substan-

tially related” to that interest, and

must use means that are a close fit

to the government’s goal and not

substantially broader than is neces-

sary to accomplish that goal.

Internal Revenue Service, 7, 288, 361

internationalism, 6 1 7, 617 , 619 The idea

that a country should be involved

in the affairs of other nations, out

of both self-interest and moral

obligation.

history of, 620–24

International Monetary Fund, 621, 636 A

nongovernmental organization

established in 1944 to help stabilize

the international monetary system,

improve economic growth, and aid

developing nations.

International Republican Institute, 636

International Women’s Day, 180

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