Glossary/Index A91bureaucracy under, 468, 479
campaign strategies of, 205
citizenship of, 198, 199, 228
as commander in chief, 428, 429
and congressional elections, 389,
402
DACA program of, 374
and Dakota Access Pipeline, 171
on discriminatory treatment, 159
and divided government, 57, 286
and drone attacks, 436
economy under, 309, 310, 312, 541,
549, 552, 562
education policies of, 607, 609
electoral votes for, 308
environmental policies of, 429, 435,
459, 562
executive orders of, 64, 331, 427, 443
executive privilege of, 437
fake news on, 239
and Federal Reserve System, 546
and Flint water crisis, 163
foreign policy of, 429, 430, 430,
618–19, 624, 629, 633, 634, 635
on freedom of speech, 102
and gay rights, 158, 158, 186, 187
on gender pay disparities, 180
going public, 448, 449
and government shutdowns, 402
and Guantánamo Bay detention
center, 53, 57
and gun laws, 131
on hate crimes, 185
immigration policies of, 187, 193, 425 ,
443
inauguration of, 454, 455
and marijuana laws, 95
media coverage of, 250
and national debt, 410
pardons by, 125, 433
presidential power of, 423
public opinion on, 198, 199, 208, 209,
210, 218, 223, 225, 332, 447
reelection of (2012), 303
and Republican filibusters, 411
social policies of, 578, 584, 585
on Social Security, 596, 597
spouse of, 440
on student loans, 340
on Supreme Court decisions, 523,
524
and Syria, 56
trade policies of, 566, 634
and Trump election, 332unfunded mandates of, 89
unilateral actions of, 443
vetoes from, 432, 432
voter turnout for, 215–16
Obama, Michelle, 440
Obamacare. See Affordable Care Act
Obergefell, Jim, 76
Obergefell v. Hodges, 10, 76, 182, 499
obscenity, 128–29
obstruction of justice, 64
Ocasio-Cortez, Alexandria, 265
Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA), 483,
561
O’Connor, Sandra Day, 92, 138, 143, 182,
513, 519, 522
Office of American Innovation, 587
Office of Economic Opportunity, 577Office of Management and Budget, 469,
544, 627 An office within the EOP
that is responsible for creating the
president’s annual budget proposal
to Congress, reviewing proposed
rules, and performing other
budget-related tasks.off the record, 241 Describes comments
a politician makes to the press on the
condition that they can be reported
only if they are not attributed to that
politician.Ogden, Gibbons v., 78, 78
Ohio
presidential election in (2016), 305,
307
redistricting in, 389, 391
school voucher program in, 115
voter purge in, 161
voter registration laws in, 511, 511
Ohio, Brandenburg v., 119
Ohio, Mapp v., 113, 13 4
oil
and foreign policy, 622
pipeline protests, 155, 171
Oklahoma, 140, 154, 179, 283
Oliver, John, 238
Olympic Games (1980), 622omnibus legislation, 410, 540, 543 Large
bills that often cover several topics
and may contain extraneous, or
pork-barrel, projects.on background, 241 Describes
comments a politician makes to
the press on the condition that they
can be reported only if they are not
attributed to that politician.O’Neill, Tip, 328
“one-person, one-vote,” 390, 523open market operations, 559 The process
by which the Federal Reserve
System buys and sells securities to
influence the money supply.open primary, 279 , 282, 299 A primary
election in which any registered
voter can participate in the contest,
regardless of party affiliation.open rules, 412 Conditions placed on
a legislative debate by the House
Rules Committee allowing relevant
amendments to a bill.open seat, 311 An elected position for
which there is no incumbent.
in midterm congressional elections
(2018), 278, 311, 312 , 334, 335Open Society Foundations, 636
opinion writing by Supreme Court
justices, 512–14, 514
opioid overdose and addiction, 590
opportunity, equality of, 22, 188–89oral arguments, 511 , 511–12 Spoken
presentations made in person by the
lawyers of each party to a judge or an
appellate court outlining the legal
reasons their side should prevail.order, provision of, 6
Oregon, 95, 116, 131, 300
Oregon, De Jonge v., 113
O’Reilly, Bill, 180
Organization for Economic Coopera-
tion and Development, 554
Organization of the Petroleum Export-
ing Countries (OPEC), 622original intent, 60, 516, 517 The theory
that justices should surmise the
intentions of the Founders when
the language of the Constitution is
unclear.Full_23_APT_64431_GLO_IND_A61-A114.indd 91 27/11/18 11:05 AM