William_T._Bianco,_David_T._Canon]_American_Polit

Glossary/Index A97

and filtering and framing of news,

250 –51

on foreign policy, 634–36

formation process, 203–11, 228

on government and officeholders,

222, 222–24, 223, 224

on gun control, 202, 202, 211, 220,

226, 227, 368–69

on health care, 202, 207, 2 07, 217–18,

227

and ideology, 201, 202, 202, 220–22,

221

on immigration, 216, 216, 219, 227

importance of, 226–27

influence of, 226–27, 227

intensity of, 202

interest group influence on, 360–61

interpretation of polls on, 24–25

latency of, 201

measurement of, 211–20

media influence on, 245–53

media strategies of politicians on,

241–43

mobilization of, 360–61

policy mood in, 224–26, 225, 226

political influence of, 200–201, 201,

202, 205

on political parties, 262, 264

on presidential performance, 24–25,

208, 209, 210, 210, 218, 222, 223,

420, 4 46–49

on same-sex marriage, 204, 205

on Social Security, 591–92

on spending cuts, 474, 475

and Supreme Court decisions,

519 –20

on terrorism, 200, 204, 208, 635–36,

647

types of, 201–2

public policy, 12, 533 A course of action

pursued by government to address a

specific problem.

economic, 533. See also economic

policies

social, 575. See also social policy

public safety

balance with civil liberties, 105, 105,

114

and privacy rights, 133

Public Works Administration, 576

Puerto Rico, Hurricane Maria in, 255,

628

punctuated equilibrium model on

policy change, 590

punishment

capital, 64, 64–65, 139–40, 520

cruel and unusual, 64, 64–65,

139 –40, 520

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906), 467

purposive benefits, 353 Satisfaction

derived from the experience

of working toward a desired

policy goal, even if the goal is not

achieved.

push polls, 216, 317

Putin, Vladimir, 445

Puzder, Andrew, 426

Quartet on the Middle East, 617

queer/questioning people. See

LGBTQ people

quotas in affirmative action programs,

189, 190, 191

race. See also African Americans

and civil rights, 17, 80, 81, 151– 54 ,

159–76, 182–83, 188–90

composition of U.S. population, 18

and descriptive representation,

378–80

discrimination based on, 61, 81, 88,

91–92, 97, 148–50, 153–54, 159,

164, 172–76, 179, 183, 194, 267

and equality, 22, 151, 159–66

of federal court judges, 501–2, 502

and group identity, 206

and mixed-race marriage, 20

and party identification, 17, 17, 2 67,

268– 69, 276

and profiling, 148–50, 163–64, 192,

193, 194, 335

and redistricting, 390, 391, 393,

508

and segregation. See segregation,

racial

and voter turnout, 159–60, 160, 182,

215–16, 327, 332, 333

race to the bottom, 96, 97, 566

Race to the Top, 607

racism, environmental, 163

radio, 235–36, 240

railroads

Chinese immigrants in construc-

tion of, 155

Interstate Commerce Commission

in regulation of, 560

and Sherman Antitrust Act, 421, 560

Randolph, Edmund, 39, 42

random sample, 212, 214, 215 A subsec-

tion of a population chosen to partic-

ipate in a survey through a selection

process in which every member

of the population has an equal

chance of being chosen. This kind of

sampling improves the accuracy of

public-opinion data.

Rangel, Charles, 523

Rasmussen Reports polls, 24–25, 213

ratification of Constitution, 39, 48–50,

51, 106–8

and amendments, 62, 63, 76

rational basis test, 176 , 1 7 7, 178, 179, 181

The use of evidence to suggest that

differences in the behavior of two

groups can rationalize unequal

treatment of these groups.

Rayburn, Sam, 401

Reagan, Ronald, 225, 328, 460, 468,

594

approval rating of, 4 47, 4 49

assassination attempt on, 130

Civil Liberties Act signed by,

155–56

economic policies of, 551–52, 554

on federal bureaucracy, 463

federal court nominations of, 504

foreign policy of, 622

interpretation and implementation

of laws by, 444

presidential power of, 422, 423

social policies of, 578, 584

realignment, 267– 68 A change in the size or

composition of the party coalitions or

in the nature of the issues that divide

the parties. Realignments typically

occur within an election cycle or two,

but they can also occur gradually over

the course of a decade or longer.

realism, 617 , 618, 619, 620 The idea that

a country’s foreign policy decisions

are motivated by self-interest and

the goal of gaining more power.

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