contiguous principalities increasingly came to be known—to choose their own reli-
gion, but the Treaties also established that states had the right to determine their own
domestic policies, free from external pressure and with full jurisdiction in their own
geographic space. The Treaties thus introduced the princi ple of noninterference in the
affairs of other states.
Second, because the leaders of Eu rope’s most power ful countries had seen the
devastation wrought by mercenaries in war, after the Treaties of Westphalia, these
countries sought to establish their own permanent national militaries. The growth of
such forces led to increasingly centralized control, since the state had to collect taxes
to pay for these militaries and leaders assumed absolute control over the troops. The
state with a national army emerged as a power ful force— its sovereignty acknowl-
edged and its secular base firmly established. And that state’s power increased. Larger
territorial units gained an advantage as armaments became more standardized and
more lethal.IRELANDSCOTLANDENGLAND
Atlantic
OceanFRANCEPORTUGAL
SP AINBALEARICISLANDS
K INGDOM OF
THE TWO
SICILIESSARDINIACORSICAAVIGNONSTAPAPALSWITZ.
SAVOYWURMILAN VENICEMODENAPARMATUSCANYAd HUNGARY
ria
ti c
Se
aPOLANDNORWAY SWEDENBalt
icSeaDENMARKNorth
SeaLands administered by
Roman Catholic Church
Spain
Austria
Brandenburg-Prussia
Boundary
of the Holy
Roman EmpireARAGONCASTILEPRUSSIAEAST
BRANDENBURGMECKLEN-BURGBAVARIAHESSE SAXONY
LORRAINEOVERHAN-AUSTRIAPROVINCESUNITEDMed iterra ne an SeaPIEGENOADMONTSPANIH
NETH
.SPANIH
NETH.WURTTEM-STPAAPALSTESBURGEu rope, c. 164824 CHAPTER Two ■ Historical context of international relationsESSIR7_CH02_020_069_11P.indd 24 6/14/16 10:01 AM