The Origins of Happiness

Family income
Mother worked in 1st year
Mother worked thereafter
Father’s unemployment
Mother’s mental health
Father’s mental health
Mother’s involvement
Mother’s aggression
Family conict
Parental separation
Parents’ education

0.08 (0.02)

–0.01 (0.02)

–0.05 (0.02)

–0.00 (0.02)

0.17 (0.02)

–0.01 (0.02)

0.05 (0.02)

–0.12 (0.02)

–0.14 (0.02)

0.00 (0.02)

0.04 (0.02)

–0.20–0.15 0.00 0.10 0.20

Behavior at 16

–0.10–0.05 0.05 0.15

Family income
Mother worked in 1st year
Mother worked thereafter
Father’s unemployment
Mother’s mental health
Father’s mental health
Mother’s involvement
Mother’s aggression
Family conict
Parental separation
Parents’ education

0.14 (0.01)

–0.02 (0.01)

0.04 (0.01)

–0.03 (0.01)

0.03 (0.01)

–0.00 (0.01)

0.02 (0.01)

–0.01 (0.01)

–0.01 (0.01)

–0.03 (0.01)

0.17 (0.01)

β(s.e.)

–0.05 0.00 0.10 0.15 0.20

Intellectual performance at 16

0.05

Family income
Mother worked in 1st year
Mother worked thereafter
Father’s unemployment
Mother’s mental health
Father’s mental health
Mother’s involvement
Mother’s aggression
Family conict
Parental separation
Parents’ education

0.07 (0.02)

–0.02 (0.02)

–0.01 (0.02)

–0.04 (0.03)

0.16 (0.02)

0.04 (0.02)

0.04 (0.02)

–0.03 (0.02)

–0.04 (0.02)

0.00 (0.02)

0.00 (0.02)

β(s.e.)

–0.05 0.00 0.10 0.15 0.20 R^2 = 0.160

Emotional well-being at 1 6

0.05

R^2 = 0.209

R^2 = 0.410

β(s.e.)

Figure 1.5 (a). How the child’s outcomes at 16 are affected by family background
(Britain, ALSPAC)