the neural code, even in the absence
of another injury or insult, could
therefore be an important but
undiscovered driver in psychiatric
disease. Perhaps even more impor-
tant are the implications for the
pursuit of research at large. Biology
is a field that relies heavily on the
transferability of its results: one
sentence in a biology textbook may
have been derived from experiments
in different animals and different
contexts. Understanding which
pieces of the biological puzzle are
interchangeable and which are not
is indispensable for the construction
of knowledge paradigms.
On the horizon is another interest-
ing future direction. The use of
neural code–based comparative
approaches like those laid out by the
authors might allow for a less biased
measurement of the cognitive
capacities of other animals—work
that could ultimately aid in conserva-
tion efforts. Why do we need such
an approach? Because we cannot
understand intelligences that are
unlike our own. But that doesn’t
mean they don’t exist. To borrow a
word from Orwell, some of them
might even be doubleplusgood.
—Ryan Dalton
Creative Types
Reserve a Special
Corner of the Brain
for Dreaming Big
Artists, novelists, actors and
directors excel at tapping into
“imagination” circuitsFIVE-YEAR-OLDS INVENT imaginary
friends, teenagers visualize what an
amorous crush would be like, and
adults plan for job achievements, buy-
ing a house or traveling the world.
Imagination is a trait that we all
possess and use in our daily lives. But
if we try to think of situations that are
too far from our reality in time or
space—perhaps the world in 2500 or
what it would be like to live on the
moon or Mars—we often have a hard
time visualizing those scenarios.
For decades, neuroscientists and
psychologists have tried to under-
stand what exactly goes on in the
brain when we turn our imaginations
loose and what limits the ability of
many of us to envision distant
scenarios. In a study published in
April in the Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, researchersreport that creative professionals
seem to be better than others at
surmounting the mental barriers to
accessing distal imagination, and
their ability may be explained, in part,
by their tapping into a brain network
that only they can access.
By using the dorsomedial part of
what scientists refer to as the brain’s
“default network,” creative people can
stretch their imagination to more
distant futures, places, perspectives
and hypothetical realities. The default
network consists of a group of
interconnected brain regions,
including the medial prefrontalcortex, the posterior cingulate cortex,
the angular gyrus and the hippocam-
pus. These brain areas talk to one
another when we daydream, recall
memories or think about the inten-
tions of others. Previous literature
suggests that they may also play a
role in envisioning the future.
Scientists believe that some of
these default network circuits may
help us draw from our experiences
when we imagine situations that are
close to us in time and space. For
example, we may think of the sights
and smells of a coffee shop we’ve
frequented in the past when contem- GETTY IMAGESNEWS