xxiv
4. Font Conventions
This book follows certain conventions for font usage. Understanding these conventions up-front makes
it easier to use this book.
Italic
Used for filenames, file extensions, URLs, application names, emphasis, and new terms when
they are first introduced.Constant width
Used for Java class names, methods, variables, properties, data types, database elements, and
snippets of code that appear in text.Constant width bold
Used for commands you enter at the command line and to highlight new code inserted in a running
example.Constant width italic
Used to annotate output.5. Command-Line Conventions
From time to time, this book discusses command-line instructions. When we do, output produced by
the console (e.g., command prompts or screen output) is displayed in normal characters, and commands
(what you type) are written in bold. For example:
$ ls -al
total 168
drwxr-xr-x 16 johnsmart staff 544 21 Jan 07:20.
drwxr-xr-x+ 85 johnsmart staff 2890 21 Jan 07:10 ..
-rw-r--r-- 1 johnsmart staff 30 26 May 2009 .owner
-rw-r--r--@ 1 johnsmart staff 1813 16 Apr 2009 config.xml
drwxr-xr-x 181 johnsmart staff 6154 26 May 2009 fingerprints
drwxr-xr-x 17 johnsmart staff 578 16 Apr 2009 jobs
drwxr-xr-x 3 johnsmart staff 102 15 Apr 2009 log
drwxr-xr-x 63 johnsmart staff 2142 26 May 2009 plugins
-rw-r--r-- 1 johnsmart staff 46 26 May 2009 queue.xml
-rw-r--r--@ 1 johnsmart staff 64 13 Nov 2008 secret.key
-rw-r--r-- 1 johnsmart staff 51568 26 May 2009 update-center.json
drwxr-xr-x 3 johnsmart staff 102 26 May 2009 updates
drwxr-xr-x 3 johnsmart staff 102 15 Apr 2009 userContent
drwxr-xr-x 12 johnsmart staff 408 17 Feb 2009 users
drwxr-xr-x 28 johnsmart staff 952 26 May 2009 warWhere necessary, the backslash character at the end of the line is used to indicate a line break: you can
type this all on one line (without the backslash) if you prefer. Don’t forget to ignore the “>” character
at the start of the subsequent lines—it’s a Unix prompt character: