“Facial Reactions to Emotional Stimuli: Automatically Controlled Emotional
Responses,” Cognition and Emotion 16 (2002): 449–71.
listen to messages : Gary L. Wells and Richard E. Petty, “The Effects of
Overt Head Movements on Persuasion: Compatibility and Incompatibility
of Responses,” Basic and Applied Social Psychology 1 (1980): 219–30.
increase the funding of schools : Jonah Berger, Marc Meredith, and S.
Christian Wheeler, “Contextual Priming: Where People Vote Affects How
They Vote,” PNAS 105 (2008): 8846–49.
Reminders of money : Kathleen D. Vohs, “The Psychological
Consequences of Money,” Science 314 (2006): 1154–56.
appeal of authoritarian ideas : Jeff Greenberg et al., “Evidence for Terror
Management Theory II: The Effect of Mortality Salience on Reactions to
Those Who Threaten or Bolster the Cultural Worldview,” Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology {gy
“Lady Macbeth effect” : Chen-Bo Zhong and Katie Liljenquist, “Washing
Away Your Sins: Threatened Morality and Physical Cleansing,” Science
313 (2006): 1451–52.
preferred mouthwash over soap : Spike Lee and Norbert Schwarz, “Dirty
Hands and Dirty Mouths: Embodiment of the Moral-Purity Metaphor Is
Specific to the Motor Modality Involved in Moral Transgression,”
Psychological Science 21 (2010): 1423–25.
at a British university : Melissa Bateson, Daniel Nettle, and Gilbert
Roberts, “Cues of Being Watched Enhance Cooperation in a Real-World
Setting,” Biology Letters 2 (2006): 412–14.
introduced to that stranger : Timothy Wilson’s Strangers to Ourselves
(Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2002) presents a concept of an
“adaptive unconscious” that is similar to System 1.

5: Cognitive Ease

“Easy” and “Strained” : The technical term for cognitive ease is fluency.
diverse inputs and outputs : Adam L. Alter and Daniel M. Oppenheimer,
“Uniting the Tribes of Fluency to Form a Metacognitive Nation,”
Personality and Social Psychology Review 13 (2009): 219–35.
“Becoming Famous Overnight” : Larry L. Jacoby, Colleen Kelley, Judith
Brown, and Jennifer Jasechko, “Becoming Famous Overnight: Limits on
the Ability to Avoid Unconscious Influences of the Past,” Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology 56 (1989): 326–38.
nicely stated the problem : Bruce W. A. Whittlesea, Larry L. Jacoby, and
Krista Girard, “Illusions of Immediate Memory: Evidence of an Attributional