conversation between psychologists and economists : Sarah Lichtenstein
and Paul Slovic, “Reversals of Preference Between Bids and Choices in
Gambling Decisions,” Journal of Experimental Psychology 89 ( 1971 ):
46 – 55. A similar result was obtained independently by Harold R. Lindman,
“Inconsistent Preferences Among Gambles,” Journal of Experimental
Psychology 89 ( 1971 ): 390 – 97.
bewildered participant : For a transcript of the famous interview, see Sarah
Lichtenstein and Paul Slovic, eds., The Construction of Preference (New
York: Cambridge University Press, 2006 ).
the prestigious American Economic Review: David M. Grether and
Charles R. Plott, “Economic Theory of Choice and the Preference
Reversals Phenomenon,” American Economic Review 69 ( 1979 ): 623 –
28.
“context in which the choices are made” : Lichtenstein and Slovic, The
Construction of Preference , 96.
one embarrassing finding : Kuhn famously argued that the same is true of
physical sciences as well: Thomas S. Kuhn, “The Function of Measurement
in Modern Physical Science,” Isis 52 ( 1961 ): 161 – 93.
liking of dolphins : There is evidence that questions about the emotional
appeal of species and the willingness to contribute to their protection yield
the same rankings: Daniel Kahneman and Ilana Ritov, “Determinants of
Stated Willingness to Pay for Public Goods: A Study in the Headline
Method,” Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 9 ( 1994 ): 5 – 38.
superior on this attribute : Hsee, “Attribute Evaluability.”
“requisite record-keeping” : Cass R. Sunstein, Daniel Kahneman, David
Schkade, and Ilana Ritov, “Predictably Incoherent Judgments,” Stanford
Law Review 54 ( 2002 ): 1190.

34 : Frames and Reality

unjustified influences of formulation : Amos Tversky and Daniel
Kahneman, “The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice,”
Science 211 ( 1981 ): 453 – 58.
paid with cash or on credit : Thaler, “Toward a Positive Theory of
Consumer Choice.”
10 % mortality is frightening : Barbara McNeil, Stephen G. Pauker, Harold
C. Sox Jr., and Amos Tversky, “On the Elicitation of Preferences for
Alternative Therapies,” New England Journal of Medicine 306 ( 1982 ):
1259 – 62.
“Asian disease problem” : Some people have commented that the “Asian”