A History of America in 100 Maps

260 A HISTORY OF AMERICA IN 100 MAPS

ENDNOTES AND ADDITIONAL SOURCES

pp. 2–3: Image courtesy of the F. D. R.

Presidential Library & Museum.

pp. 6–7: Edward Savage, “The Washington

Family, 1789–1796.” Courtesy, Andrew W.

Mellon Collection, National Gallery of Art.

1. 1490 – 1600: Contact and Discovery

THE WORLD THAT COLUMBUS KNEW

Additional sources: Kenneth T. Nebenzahl,

Atlas of Columbus and the Great Discoveries

(Chicago: Rand McNally, 1990); Chet Van

Duzer, “Multispectral Imaging for the Study

of Maps: The Example of Henricus

Martellus’s World Map at Yale,” Imago Mundi

68 (2016), 62–6; Genevieve Carlton, Worldly

Consumers: The Demand for Maps in Renaissance

Italy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,

2015); Scot McKendrick, Kathleen Doyle, and

John Lowden, Royal Manuscripts: The Genius of

Illumination (London: British Library

Publications, 2011).

A GENERATION OF CONFUSION

Additional sources: Roberto Almagia,

“On the Cartographic Work of Francesco

Rosselli,” Imago Mundi 8 (1951), 27–35;

Edward Heawood, “A Hitherto Unknown

World Map of a.d. 1506,” Geographical

Journal 62: 4 (1923), 279–93.

HOW AMERICA (INADVERTENTLY) GOT

ITS NAME

Additional sources: David Buisseret, From

Sea Charts to Satellite Images: Interpreting

North American History through Maps (Chicago:

University of Chicago Press, 1990); Seymour

Schwartz and Ralph Ehrenberg, The Mapping

of America (New York: Harry N. Abrams,

1980); John Hébert, “The Map That Named

America,” Library of Congress Information

Bulletin 62: 9 (2003), https://www.loc.gov/loc/

lcib/0309/maps.html (accessed February

20, 2018).

AMERICA LOOMS INTO VIEW

p.21 “a human bridge between Portuguese

and Spanish”: Arthur Davies, “The Egerton

MS.2803 Map and the Padron Real,”

Imago Mundi 11 (1954), p. 54.

Additional sources: Henry Harrisse,

The Discovery of North America: A Critical,

Documentary, and Historic Investigation

(Amsterdam N. Israel, 1961 [reprint of the

1892 edition]); G. Caraci, “A Little Known

Atlas by Vesconte Maggiolo, 1518,” Imago

Mundi 2 (1937), 37–54; Edward L. Stevenson,

Atlas of Portolan Charts (New York: Hispanic

Society, 1911).

THE INVASION AND DESTRUCTION

OF MEXICO

Additional sources: Barbara E. Mundy,

“Mapping the Aztec Capital: The 1524

Nuremberg Map of Tenochtitlan, Its

Sources and Meanings,” Imago Mundi 50

(1998), 11–33; Hernán Cortés, Letters from

Mexico, trans. and ed. Anthony Pagden

(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001);

Barbara E. Mundy, “Indigenous Civilization,”

in Jordana Dym and Karl Offen (eds.), Mapping

Latin America: A Cartographic Reader (Chicago:

University of Chicago Press, 2011); Robert S.

Weddle, Spanish Sea: The Gulf of Mexico in

North American Discovery, 1500–1685 (College

Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press,

1985); Philip D. Burden, The Mapping of

North America: A List of Printed Maps, 1511–1670

(Rickmansworth, Herts.: Clive A. Burden 1996).

THE HEMISPHERE TAKES SHAPE

Additional sources: Philip D. Burden, The

Mapping of North America: A List of Printed

Maps, 1511–1670 (Rickmansworth, Herts.:

Clive A. Burden 1996).

THE SPANISH REACH NORTHWARD

Additional sources: Rodney Shirley, The

Mapping of the World: Early Printed World Maps,

1472–1700 (London: Holland Press, 1983);

David Woodward, “The Italian Map Trade,”

in David Woodward (ed.), Cartography in the

European Renaissance, vol. 3 of The History

of Cartography (Chicago: University of

Chicago Press, 2007); Michael Wyatt,

The Cambridge Companion to the Italian

Renaissance (Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 2014).

THE SPANISH ASSERTION OF AMERICA

Additional sources: John Hébert, “The 1562

Map of America by Diego Gutiérrez”, http://

http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/frontiers/gutierrz.

html? (accessed August 20, 2017); Clara Egli

LeGear, “Sixteenth-Century Maps Presented

by Lessing J. Rosenwald,” Quarterly Journal of

Current Acquisitions 6: 3 (May 1949), 18–22.

THE FATHER OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE

Additional sources: Lesley Cormack, Charting

an Empire: Geography at the English Universities,

1580–1620 (Chicago: University of Chicago

Press, 1997); Ken MacMillan, “Brytanici

Imperii Limites,” Huntington Library Quarterly

64: 1–2 (2001), 151–9; Ken MacMillan,

“Discourse on History, Geography, and

Law: John Dee and the Limits of the British

Empire 1576–80,” Canadian Journal of History

36: 1 (2001), 1–25; David Livingstone,

The Geographical Tradition: Episodes in the

History of a Contested Enterprise (Oxford:

Blackwell, 1992).

2. 1600–1700: Early Settlement and the Northwest Passage

Northwest Passage

THE ORIGINS OF THE VIRGINIA COLONY

p.36 “where never Christian before hathe been”:

Letter of Robarte Tindall to Prince Henry,

June 22, 1607, British Library, Harley MS

7007, folio 139, reproduced in Alexander

Brown (ed.), The Genesis of the United States

(London, 1890), p.108–109.

p.38 “There were never Englishmen left”: George

Percy, journal, in Lyon Gardiner Tyler (ed.),

Narratives of Early Virginia: 1606–1625 (New

York: Scribner’s, 1907), p.9.

Additional sources: Maurice A. Mook, “The

Ethnological Significance of Tindall’s Map

of Virginia,” William and Mary Quarterly 23: 4

(1943), 371–408; “Tyndall’s Map of Virginia,”

Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical

Society, 3rd series, 58 (1924–5), 244–7.

THE SURVIVAL OF VIRGINIA

p.41 “So great was our famine”: John Smith,

The Generall Historie of Virginia, New England

& the Summer Isles (Glasgow, Scotland:

James MacLehose & Sons, 1907), v.1,

p. 204.

Additional sources: William Cumming,

The Southeast in Early Maps (Princeton, NJ:

Princeton University Press, 1958); Susan

Schulten, “Mapping History,” in James

Akerman and Robert Karrow (eds.), Maps:

Finding Our Place in the World (Chicago:

University of Chicago Press, 2007); Donald

Meinig, Atlantic America, 1492–1800, vol. 1

of The Shaping of America (New Haven, CT:

Yale University Press, 1986); Peter Mancall,

Envisioning America: English Plans for the

Colonization of North America, 1580–1640

(Boston: St. Martin’s Press, 1995).

THE INVENTION OF NEW ENGLAND

Additional sources: John Smith, A Description

of New England; or, The Observations, and

Discoveries, of Captain John Smith (London:

Printed by Humfrey Lownes for Robert

Clerke, 1616); Walter W. Woodward,

“Captain John Smith and the Campaign

for New England: A Study in Early Modern

Identity and Promotion,” New England

Quarterly 18: 1 (2008), 91–125; John Smith,

The Generall Historie of Virginia, New England

& the Summer Isles, vol. 1 (Glasgow, 1907).

THE LURE OF A NORTHWEST PASSAGE

p.45 “very near as far toward the west”:

A Treatise of the Northwest Passage to the South

Sea, through the Continent of Virginia and by

Fretum Hudson, in Edward Waterhouse,

A Declaration of the State of the Colony and

Affaires in Virginia (London, 1622), p. 48.

p.45 “all those rich countries”: Ibid., p. 50.

p.45 “through the continent of Virginia”: Ibid.,

p. 49.

Additional sources: Edward Waterhouse,

A Declaration of the State of the Colony and

Affaires in Virginia (London, 1622); Samuel

Purchas, Purchas His Pilgrimes: In Five Books

(London: Printed by William Stansby for

Henrie Fetherstone, 1626); Ken MacMillan,

“Sovereignty ‘More Plainly Described’: Early

English Maps of North America, 1580–1625,”

Journal of British Studies 42 (2003), 413–47.

THE FRENCH EXPLORE AMERICA

Additional sources: David Hackett Fischer,

Champlain’s Dream (New York: Simon &

Schuster, 2009); Lawrence C. Wroth, “An

Unknown Champlain Map of 1616,” Imago

Mundi 11 (1954), 85–94; David Buisseret,

Mapping the French Empire in North America

(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).

THE ORIGINS OF THE ATLANTIC SLAVE

TRADE

Additional sources: William Waller Hening

(ed.), The Statutes at Large: Being a Collection

of All the Laws of Virginia, vols. 2 and 3 (New

York: R. & W. & B. Bartow, 1823); Robin Law,

“The Slave Trade in Seventeenth-Century

Allada: A Revision,” African Economic History

22 (1994), 59–92; New-York Historical

Society, “Slavery in New York” (exhibition),

http://www.slaveryinnewyork.org (accessed

January 19, 2018).

I’LL TAKE MANHATTAN

Additional sources: Joyce D. Goodfriend,

Before the Melting Pot: Society and Culture in

Colonial New York City, 1664–1730 (Princeton,

NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994); Paul E.

Cohen and Robert T. Augustyn, Manhattan in

Maps, 1527–1995 (New York: Rizzoli, 2006).

VIOLENCE AND DEVASTATION IN EARLY

NEW ENGLAND

Additional sources: J. B. Harley, “New

England Cartography and the Native

Americans,” in The New Nature of Maps

(Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University

Press, 2001); Jill Lepore, The Name of War: King

Philip’s War and the Origins of American Identity

(New York: Knopf, 1998); Matthew Edney and

Susan Cimburek, “Telling the Traumatic

Truth: William Hubbard’s ‘Narrative’

of King Philip’s War and His ‘Map of

New-England’,” William and Mary Quarterly

61: 2 (2004), 317–48.

PENN’S HOLY EXPERIMENT

p.56 “such a Scituation is scarce to be parallel’d”:

A Portraiture of the City of Philadelphia, as part

of A Letter from William Penn Proprietor and

Governour of Pennsylvania ... (London: Printed

and sold by Andrew Sowle, 1683).

p.56 “two Miles in Length and one in Breadth”:

Ibid.

p.58 “we want a map to the degree that I

am ashamed”: quoted in Walter Klinefelter,

“Surveyor General Thomas Holme’s ‘Map

of the Improved Part of the Province of

Pennsilvania’,” Winterthur Portfolio 6

(1970), p. 42.

Additional sources: Albert Cook Myers,

Narratives of Early Pennsylvania (New York,

Charles Scribner’s Sons ,1912); Irma

Corcoran, “Thomas Holme, 1624–1695:

Surveyor General of Pennsylvania,” Memoirs

of the American Philosophical Society 200 (1992);

James T. Lemon, The Best Poor Man’s Country:

A Geographical Study of Early Southeastern

Pennsylvania (Baltimore, MD, 1972).

FRENCH EXPANSION IN AMERICA

Additional sources: Philip D. Burden,

The Mapping of North America: A List of Printed

Maps, vol. 2, 1671–1700 (Rickmansworth,

Herts.: Clive A. Burden 2007).

3. 1700–1783: Imperialism and Independence

Independence

THE WAR OF THE MAPS I

Additional sources: Anne Godlewska,

Geography Unbound: French Geographic Science

from Cassini to Humboldt (Chicago: University

of Chicago Press, 1999); James Pritchard,

In Search of Empire: The French in the Americas,

1670–1730 (Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 2004); Christine Petto,

When France Was King of Cartography: The

Patronage and Production of Maps in Early

Modern France (Lanham, MD: Lexington

Books, 2007).

THE WAR OF THE MAPS II

Additional sources: William P. Cumming

(ed.), The Southeast in Early Maps (Chapel

Hill, NC: University of North Carolina

Press, 1998).

NATIVE AMERICANS NAVIGATE THE

DEERSKIN TRADE

Additional sources: Alan Taylor, “Squaring

the Circles,” in Eric Foner and Lisa McGirr

(eds.), American History Now (Philadelphia:

Temple University Press, 2011); Gregory

Waselkov, “Indian Maps for the Colonial

Southeast,” in Gregory A. Waselkov, Peter H.

Wood, and Tom Hatley (eds.), Powhatan’s

Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast, rev.

ed. (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska

Press, 2006); Ian Chambers, “A Cherokee

Origin for the ‘Catawba’ Deerskin Map,”

Imago Mundi 65 (2013), 207–16.

ENGLAND AND THE SLAVE TRADE

p.74 “our Planters a constant Supply of

Negroe-Servants”: Malachy Posthlethwayt,

The National and Private Advantages of the

African Trade Considered (London, repr. 1772

[1746]), p. 1.

Additional sources: Malachy Posthlethwayt,

The African Trade, the Great Pillar and Support of

the British Plantation Trade in America (London: