Article
T.A.), 16H06280, 18H04853 (to K.S.), 19H05795, 19H03394, 16H06280 (to Y. Okada),
18H04751, 19H22520 (to K.M.), JST CREST grant number JPMJCR13M7 (to N.N.N.),
JPMJCR15G2 (to Y. Okada) and grants from RIKEN (pioneering project ‘Dynamic Structural
Biology’ to Y. Okada), from the Takeda Science Foundation (to N.N.N. and Y.F.), from
Mochida Memorial Foundation for Medical and Pharmaceutical Research (to N.N.N.), from
Tokyo Biochemical Research Foundation (to N.N.N. and J.M.A.), and from the Naito
Foundation (to N.N.N. and Y.F.).
Author contributions Y.F., R.L.K. and N.N.N. conceived the project and performed initial
droplet-formation experiments. Y.F. purified recombinant proteins and performed most of the
in vitro experiments. J.M.A. performed GUV experiments. D.N. and T.A. performed HS-AFM
observations. Y.F., K.S., Y. Ohsumi and N.N.N. performed yeast experiments. K.M. and Y. Okada
performed FCS analysis. All authors analysed the data. Y.F., A.I.M. and N.N.N. wrote the
manuscript with input from all other authors. N.N.N. supervised the work.Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Supplementary information is available for this paper at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-
1977-6.
Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to N.N.N.
Peer review information Nature thanks Peter Hinterdorfer, Fulvio Reggiori, Jeffrey Woodruff
and Li Yu for their contribution to the peer review of this work.
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