306 Index
Tifl is tourist base, 77
To the Black Sea (K chernomu moriu)
(fi lm), 180, 237
tour guides, 272 ; and cultural activities,
155; professionalization of, 80, 266;
recruitment of, 80; voluntary, 86
tourism: 1960s expansion of, 214, 219, 225;
1970s scale of, 264, 277; access to, 59;
administration of, 140–142, 145, 159,
164, 211, 213–214, 225; attractions of,
145, 210; as business, 9, 11, 54, 61, 74,
85–86, 88; and convergence with health
spas, 262; dangers in, 99–101; defi ned,
3, 91; demand for, 164, 278; and health,
57, 92; as industry, 262, 265–266; and
knowledge-building, 57, 91, 98–99, 126,
257–258, 278; and military skill, 57; as
movement, 85–87, 141–142; negative
attitudes toward, 4, 6, 65; as normative
vacation, 260; and patriotism, 5, 57,
258–259; postwar conditions of, 130,
139, 145–146; as romance, 214–216;
rules for, 217; and self-activism, 58–59,
127; social composition in, 55, 253–254;
utility of, 91–92, 256–257; weekend,
86, 219; in Western Europe, 68. See also
independent tourism
tourism abroad: in 1930s, 112–115, 126;
before 1955, 239; after 1955, 212, 240;
attitudes toward, 248; and behavior
of tourists, 249–251; destinations for,
240; and domestic comparisons, 251,
263; and food preferences, 248; and
knowledge-building, 246–247, 251;
pricing of, 241; and qualities of trip
leaders, 277; and responsibilities of
tourists, 243, 247; rules for, 244, 277;
scale of, 242; and sights to see, 245; trip
leader reports about, 242–243, 246; as
turning point, 284
tourism councils, 213, 265
Tourism-Excursion Authority (TEU) (of the
Central Trade Union Council): as busi-
ness, 71; complaints about, 159; confer-
ences of, 212–213, 253; Moscow branch
of, 87, 142, 149, 160, 226; regional affi li-
ates of, 140–141; responsibilities of, 71,
212; and rivalry with sports organiza-
tions, 164; structure of, 71, 73
tourist bases: amenities in, 269, 271; com-
plaints about, 76–77; cultural activities
in, 155; and family vacations, 273; fea-
tures of, 76; improvements in, 265, 270;
investment in, 78; in Leningrad, 118;postwar capacity of, 140; routine in,
221–222; service in, 118; of the Society
for Proletarian Tourism and Excursions,
75; of Sovetskii Turist, 75; staffi ng in, 80;
as substitute rest home, 111–112
tourist clubs, 86, 217, 220
tourist equipment, 59, 140, 220
Tourist Equipment Factory, 132, 140
tourist gaze, 94–95, 98, 125, 276
tourist group: confl icts in, 100; design of,
58, 95–96; diaries of, 97–99; fi nancing
of, 96; as ideal, 259–260; as mode of
travel, 7; in practice, 221
tourist health camps, 238–239, 254
tourist literature, 73, 268; advice in, 98; on
foreign travel, 114; as handbooks, 95; for
package tours, 104
tourist rallies ( slety ), 143, 164, 218–219,
252
Tourist USSR badge, 143, 144 , 218, 238,
239, 257
tourists: authenticity of, 103; as cultural
missionaries, 59; defi nition of, 53; prep-
aration of, 91; social composition of, 62,
119, 121, 253; varieties of, 103
Tourists (Turisty) (television serial), 279
trade unions: and tourism, 55, 62, 67, 70.
See also Central Trade Union Council
tramping ( brodiazhnichestvo ): in 1960s,
276; criticism of, 282; defi ned, 90; as
ideal, 122; publicity about, 101, 124
transport: complaints about, 79, 118; dif-
fi culties in, 115, 181 n35; discounts for,
79, 119; rules about, 180–181; shortages
of, 140; by steamship, 79. See also air
travel; automobiles; rail transport
Traskovich (chairman of OPTE Central
Council), 92
Travin, Gleb (bicycle tourist), 122–127, 277
Trekhgornaia textile manufacturing plant
(Moscow), 23, 37, 228
Tret'iakov Gallery (Moscow), 120, 150, 227
Trotsky, Leon, 18
Trud (newspaper), 268
Tsikhis-Dziri rest home (Georgia), 129
tuberculosis: and health spas, 15
Turist (magazine): circulation of, 268; cre-
ation of, 214, 267; on destinations, 230;
on tourism abroad, 242
Turist-aktivist (magazine), 56 n6
Turkey, 113, 240, 279
Turkmenistan, 230
Twentieth Congress of the Communist
Party of the Soviet Union (1956): and