State and Subject ofitselfaffectaman’sobligationstohishomecommunity;itwasprecisely
thisprinciplewhichwastodeterminethepoliticalandsocialstructureofthe
Empireforthenexttwocenturies.^32 Thirdly,thereisyetanotherrelatively
newdocument,thebronzetabletfromBanasainMorocco.Forthisreveals
thatAugustus,withwhatwecanbegintoseeasanobsessionwithdocumen-
tation(compareSuet.Aug.),hadstartedanarchive(commentarius)which
wastorecordthenamesanddetailsofeverysinglepersongrantedtheRoman
citizenshipbyhimselfand(asitturnedout)subsequentemperors,atleastup
toMarcusAurelius.^33
Thecitizenshipcouldthusbeexportedtotheprovinces,andthedetails
recorded.Butsotoocouldexistingcitizens.Weperhapsdonotemphasize
sufficientlythattheageofCaesar,theTriumvirs,andAugustusisnotmerely
thefirstbuttheonlyperiodinRomanhistorywhichsawthestateengaged
inactiveandlarge-scalesettlementofcitizensoutsideItaly.Thescaleandthe
geographicalrangeoftheestablishmentofveterancoloniesmakesthisone
oftheimportantdirecteffectseverachievedbygovernmentintheancient
world; as Augustus claims in theRes Gestae, , men were already in
thecoloniesby..,andthecoloniesthemselveswerebytheendtobe
foundinAfrica,Sicily,Macedonia,Spain,Achaea,Asia,Syria,GalliaNarbo-
nensis,Pisidia,andItalyitself(RG;).Onceagain,thesecomplexhuman
movementsandrearrangementsdidnotjusthappen.Theyweresubjectto
direct supervision by Augustus himself. Our evidence that detailed plans,
andrecordsofgrantsofland(significantlycalledtheliber beneficiorum,book
of grants), remained in the imperial archives ‘‘subscribed by the hand of
thefounder’’mustrelateinthefirstinstancetoAugustushimself.Edictsof
Augustus attempted to regulate the consequences of the immense distur-
bances to property and legal rights which were inevitably caused: ‘‘There
arealsocertainedictsofAugustus,bywhichheindicatedthatwhereverhe
hadtakenlandsfromtheterritoriesofothercitiesandassignedthemtothe
veterans(i.e.,ofaparticularcolony),nothingelsepertainedtothejurisdic-
tionofthatcolonyexceptwhathadbeengivenandassignedtotheveterans.’’
Allthisinformationcomesfromthatinvaluable,butobscureandcomplex
source,thewritingsoftheRomanlandmeasurers.^34 Eachindividualcolony
. SeeF.Millar,‘‘EmpireandCity,AugustustoJulian:Obligations,ExcusesandStatus,’’
JRS():(chapterinRome, the Greek World, and the East,vol.).
. First published by W. Seston and M. Euzennat, ‘‘Un dossier de la chancellerie
romaine: laTabula Banasitana, étude de diplomatique,’’CRAI(): ; see, e.g., A. N.
Sherwin-White,JRS():;AE,.
.Corpus Agrimensorum RomanorumI,ed.Thulin,–and–;Millar(n.),–
.