Psychology2016

238 CHAPTER 6

related sites. Each related site has its own specific information but is also linked to many

other related sites, and a person can have more than one site open at the same time. This

may be very similar to the way in which the mind organizes the information stored in LTM.

THINKING CRITICALLY

In thinking about a typical day, how do you use each type of memory: nondeclarative, episodic, and

semantic?

The response entered here will be saved to your notes and may be

collected by your instructor if he/she requires it.

Submit

The Information-Processing Model

(proposes three stages that vary both in duration and capacity;

information must be processed effectively at earlier stages before long-term storage occurs)

iconic (visual)

echoic (auditory)

semantic: general

knowledge/meaning

episodic: episodes/events

from one’s life

nondeclarative: implicit memory for skills, habits,

and learned responses; likely involves amygdala and cerebellum

declarative: explicit memory

for facts and information;

involves widespread cortical areas

semantic network model can explain how

information is stored in connected fashion

parallel distributed processing model can be used

to explain speed at which different points can be accessed

capacity limited, duration ,1 – 4 sec

sensory memory

capacity limited (3–5 items),

duration 12–30 sec without rehearsal

short-term memory

capacity seemingly

unlimited, duration

relatively permanent

long-term memory

associated with physical changes in

the brain; hippocampus and cortex

involved in consolidation of information

from short-term to long-term memory

different types, based

on information stored;

different brain areas

associated with each

organized in terms

of related meanings

and concepts

elaborative rehearsal can lead to better long-term storage

chunking and maintenance

rehearsal can be used to increase

capacity and duration, respectively

working memory: complex, active

processing of information in

short-term memory

maintenance rehearsal differs

from elaborative rehearsal

Concept Map L.O. 6.3, 6.4, 6.5

Interactive

Reset

v

Practice Quiz How much do you remember?

Pick the best answer.

1. _____ memories are said to linger in the mind for a few sec-
   onds, allowing people the chance to keep up with the flow of con-
   versations and remember what was just said.
   a. Iconic c. Short-term
   b. Echoic d. Long-term
   2. Information enters into short-term memory through a process
   known as __.
   a. recency effect c. selective attention
   b. primacy effect d. repetition