388 CHAPTER 9
- The need for achievement is a strong desire to succeed in achiev-
ing one’s goals, both realistic and challenging. - The self-theory of emotion links the need for achievement to the
concept of locus of control. A belief in control over one’s life
leads to more attempts to achieve, even in the face of failure.
Those who believe that they have little control over what hap-
pens to them are more likely to develop learned helplessness.
- 4 Identify the key elements of the arousal and
incentive approaches to motivation.
- In arousal theory, a person has an optimal level of arousal to
maintain. People who need more arousal than others are called
sensation seekers. - In the incentive approach, an external stimulus may be so
rewarding that it motivates a person to act toward that stimulus
even in the absence of a drive.
- 5 Describe how Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and self-
determination theories explain motivation.
- Maslow proposed a hierarchy of needs, beginning with basic phys-
iological needs and ending with transcendence needs. The more
basic needs must be met before the higher needs can be fulfilled. - Self-determination theory (SDT) is a model of motivation in
which three basic needs are seen as necessary to an individual’s
successful development: autonomy, competence, and relatedness.
What, Hungry Again? Why People Eat
- 6 Identify the physical and social factors that influence
hunger.
- The physiological components of hunger include signals from
the stomach and the hypothalamus and the increased secretion
of insulin. - When the basal metabolic rate slows down, the weight set point
increases and makes weight gain more likely. - The social components of hunger include social cues for when
meals are to be eaten, cultural customs and food preferences,
and the use of food as a comfort device or as an escape from
unpleasantness. - Some people may be externals who respond to the anticipation
of eating by producing an insulin response, increasing the risk
of obesity.
- 7 Recognize some of the factors that contribute to
obesity.
- There are genetic and hormonal factors that can influence obesity.
- Maladaptive eating may lead to obesity.
- A third of the population of the United States is obese.
Emotion- 8 Describe the three elements of emotion.
- Emotion is the “feeling” aspect of consciousness and includes
physical, behavioral, and subjective (cognitive) elements. - Physical arousal is tied to activation of the sympathetic nervous
system. - The amygdala plays a key role in emotional processing.
- 9 Distinguish among the common-sense, James-
Lange, Cannon-Bard, and facial feedback theories of
emotion.
- The common-sense theory of emotion states that an emotion is
experienced first, leading to a physical reaction and then to a
behavioral reaction. - The James-Lange theory states that a stimulus creates a physiological
response that then leads to the labeling of the emotion. - The Cannon-Bard theory asserts that the physiological reaction
and the emotion are simultaneous, as the thalamus sends sensory
information to both the cortex of the brain and the organs of the
sympathetic nervous system. - In the facial feedback hypothesis, facial expressions provide
feedback to the brain about the emotion being expressed on the
face, intensifying the emotion.
- 10 Identify the key elements in the cognitive arousal
and cognitive-mediational theories of emotion.
- In Schachter and Singer ’s cognitive arousal theory, both the
physiological arousal and the actual interpretation of that
arousal must occur before the emotion itself is experienced.
This interpretation is based on cues from the environment. - In the cognitive-mediational theory of emotion, the cognitive
component of emotion (the interpretation) precedes both the
physiological reaction and the emotion itself.
Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: When
Motivation Is Not Enough- 11 Summarize the five steps of the GTD method.
- Time- or task-management systems can help you keep track of
commitments and accomplish specific tasks and general goals. - The stages of the Getting Things Done (GTD) method involve
capturing, processing, organizing, reviewing, and doing the
tasks you have committed to. - Motivation and emotion are sometimes not enough to prompt
human behavior.