118 International Relations Theory of War
Territorial Outcomes in the Multipolar System, 1910–1945In the multipolar system of 1910–1945, 20 wars were fought between
countries around the world. This is the first system that was not confined
to Europe and covered the whole world. Therefore, the assessment of all
wars between countries that were fought worldwide and involved one of
the seven polar powers constituting the system—the United States, Russia
(later to be the Soviet Union), Germany, Britain, France, Japan, and Italy—
were included.^133
Thirteen wars included at least one polar power out of the seven
great powers constituting the system and were therefore included in the
assessment.
Tables 4.11, 4.12, and 4.13 show the territorial outcomes of the wars
involving the great powers constituting the multipolar system that pre-
vailed worldwide in 1910–1945.
TERRITORIAL OUTCOMES IN BIPOLAR SYSTEMS
Territorial Outcomes in the Bipolar System, 1816–1848In the bipolar system of 1816–1848, seven wars were fought between
countries.
Table 4.14 shows the territorial outcomes of the wars that involved
the great powers constituting the bipolar system that prevailed in Eurasia
in 1816–1848. This system did not include the whole world but represents
the international system in that period.
Territorial Outcomes in the Bipolar System, 1871–1909Under the bipolar system that prevailed in Eurasia in 1871–1909 and
consisting of two polar powers, Great Britain and Germany as two super-
powers, 16 wars were fought between countries around the world. None
of the 16 wars were included in the assessment because they were fought
outside of the European system that represented the international system
in those years or they did not include at least one of the two polar powers
constituting the system, Great Britain or Germany, the two superpowers.
Table 4.15 shows the territorial outcomes of the wars of the polar powers
in the bipolar system that prevailed in Europe in 1871–1909. This system
did not include the entire world but it represents the international system
of that period.
Territorial Outcomes in the Bipolar System, 1946–1991The bipolar system of 1946–1991 occurred throughout the world. It
had two polar powers: the United States and the Soviet Union, the two