194 Notes to Pages 4–11
Dimitri Mikoulski, “The Study of Islam in Russia and the former Soviet Union: An Overview,” in
Azim Nanji (ed.) Mapping Islamic Studies: Geneaology, Continuity and Change (Berlin: Walter de
Gruyter, 1997), 95–107; and S.D. Miliband, Vostokovedy Rossii, XX-nachalo XXI veka: bibliografich-
eskii slovar’ v dvukh knigakh (Moscow: Vostochnaia literatura RAN, 2008).
- Andreas Kappeler et al. (eds.), Muslim Communities Reemerge: Historical Perspectives on
Nationality, Politics, and Opposition in the Former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia (Durham, NC: Duke
University Press, 1994). - Two leading historians of Islam in Russia, Adeeb Khalid and Robert Crews, take very differ-
ent approaches in their work. Khalid’s first book challenges standard depictions of Central Asia as
a colonial backwater of the Russian Empire, and seeks to reframe its history as part of the dynamic,
global story of Islam and modernity. See Adeeb Khalid, The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform:
Jadidism in Central Asia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), xiv–xv. Crews, by con-
trast, emphasizes Russia’s effective “domestication” of Islam in the modern era, and puts Islam and
Muslims at the center of the story of Russian empire-building. See Crews, For Prophet and Tsar. On
Muslims in Soviet and post-Soviet Central Asia, see Khalid, Islam after Communism. - This institution, created in the late eighteenth century, was first called the Ufa Ecclesiastical
Assembly of the Muhammadan Creed, and was later renamed the Orenburg Muhammadan Ecclesi-
astical Assembly. Crews, For Prophet and Tsar: 55. - Crews, For Prophet and Tsar, 2–3.
- For a critique of Crews’s argument, see Mustafa Tuna, Imperial Russia’s Muslims: Islam,
Empire, and European Modernity, 1788–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 9;
and Paul W. Werth, The Tsar’s Foreign Faiths: Toleration and the Fate of Religious Freedom in Imperial
Russia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 9. - David Motadel, ed., Islam and the European Empires (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 1.
- Michael Wolfe, ed., One Thousand Roads to Mecca: Ten Centuries of Travelers Writing about
the Muslim Pilgrimage (New York: Grove Press, 1997), 191–195; Jürgen Osterhammel, The Transfor-
mation of the World: A Global History of the Nineteenth Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University
Press, 2014), 164. - On Conrad’s novel and the real-life events that inspired it, see Michael Gilsenan, “And You,
What Are You Doing Here?” London Review of Books, Vol. 28, No. 20, 19 October 2006. - Daniel Brower, “Russian Roads to Mecca: Religious Tolerance and Muslim Pilgrimage in the
Russian Empire,” Slavic Review 55, no. 3 (1996): 567. On state officials’ deep suspicions about the
hajj, and their desire to control and limit it, see Crews, For Prophet and Tsar, 71–74; Khalid, The Pol-
itics of Muslim Cultural Reform, 52–54; and A.S. Morrison, Russian Rule in Samarkand, 1868–1910:
A Comparison with British India (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008): 63–64. - Suraiya Faroqhi, Pilgrims and Sultans: The Hajj under the Ottomans (London: I.B. Tauris, 1994).
- Osterhammel, The Transformation of the World, 164.
- On late nineteenth-century peasant migration in Russia as part of the processes of urbaniza-
tion, the growth of the working class, and internal colonization in Russia, see Barbara A. Anderson,
Internal Migration during Modernization in Late Nineteenth-Century Russia (Princeton, NJ: Prince-
ton University Press, 1980); Barbara Alpern Engel, Between the Fields and the City (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1996); Robert Johnson, Peasant and Proletarian: The Working Class of
Moscow in the Late Nineteenth Century (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1979); and
Willard Sunderland, Taming the Wild Field: Colonization and Empire on the Russian Steppe (Ithaca,
NY: Cornell University Press, 2004). See also selected essays in Nicholas Breyfogle, Abby Schrader,
and Willard Sunderland, eds., Peopling the Russian Periphery: Borderland Colonization in Eurasian
History (London: Routledge, 2007); and David Moon, “Peasant Migration, the Abolition of Serfdom,
and the Internal Passport System in the Russian Empire, c. 1800–1914,” in Coerced and Free Migra-
tion: Global Perspectives, ed. David Eltis (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2002), 349.