196 Notes to Pages 17–21
F. E. Peters, The Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995), 147–162;
and Abdul-Karim Rafeq, “Damascus and the Pilgrim Caravan,” in Modernity and Culture: From the
Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean, ed. Leila Tarazi Fawaz and C. A. Bayly (New York: Columbia
University Press, 2002), 130–143.
- SSSA, f. 11, op. 1, d. 1957. Russian subjects, like those of other European empires, were entitled
to extraterritorial rights and diplomatic protection in Ottoman lands in line with Russo-Ottoman
treaties dating back to the late eighteenth century. - Faroqhi, Pilgrims and Sultans, 45. For a firsthand description of how estate cases of deceased
pilgrims were handled (and mishandled) by Ottoman officials in Damascus in the mid-eighteenth
century, see the hajj memoir by Russian subject Ismail Bekmukhamedov, Ismail sayahati, ed. Rizaed-
din Fahreddin (Kazan: Lito-tipografiia I.N. Kharitonova, 1903), 28–29. - SSSA, f. 11, op. 1, d. 1957.
- For a comparative look at Russian and Portuguese expansion onto hajj routes starting in the
sixteenth century, see Naim R. Farooqi, “Moguls, Ottomans, and Pilgrims: Protecting the Routes
to Mecca in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,” International History Review 10, no. 2
(May 1988): 198–220. See also Michael N. Pearson, Pilgrimage to Mecca: The Indian Experience,
1500–1800 (Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener Publishers, 1996). - Michael Khodarkovsky, Russia’s Steppe Frontier: The Making of a Colonial Empire, 1500–1800
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002), 115–117. - On the historical geography of Eurasian hajj routes, see S. E. Grigorʹev, “Rossiiskie palomniki
v sviatykh gorodakh Aravii v kontse XIX-nachale XX v.,” in Istoriografiia i istochnikovedenie isto-
rii stran Azii i Afriki, ed. N. N. Dʹiakov (St. Petersburg: Izd. S.-Peterburgskogo universiteta, 1999),
88–110; R. D. McChesney, “The Central Asian Hajj-Pilgrimage in the Time of the Early Modern
Empires,” in Safavid Iran and Her Neighbors, ed. Michel Mazzaoui (Salt Lake City: University of
Utah Press, 2003), 129–156; and Alexandre Papas, Thomas Welsford, and Thierry Zarcone. eds.,
Central Asian Pilgrims: Hajj Routes and Pious Visits between Central Asia and the Hijaz (Berlin: Klaus
Schwarz, 2012). See also “Note of a Pilgrimage Undertaken by an Usbek and His Two Sons from
Khokend or Kokan, in Tartary, through Russia &c. to Mecca,” Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
3 (1834): 379–382. - On state bans on the hajj and efforts to “discourage” Muslims from making the hajj, see, for
example, SSSA, f. 4, op. 8, d. 61; f. 8, op. 1, d. 256. - On this process in Russia see Robert D. Crews, For Prophet and Tsar: Islam and Empire in
Russia and Central Asia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006). - On Russian support for Orthodox pilgrimage to Jerusalem, see Derek Hopwood, The Russian
Presence in Syria and Palestine, 1843–1914: Church and Politics in the Near East (Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 1969); N. N. Lisovoi, Russkoe dukhovnoe i politicheskoe prisutstvie v Sviatoi Zemle i na Blizh-
nem Vostoke v XIX-nachale XX v. (Moscow: Indrik, 2006); and Theofanis George Stavrou, Russian
Interests in Palestine, 1882–1914: A Study of Religious and Educational Enterprise (Thessaloniki: Insti-
tute for Balkan Studies, 1963). - Austin Jersild, Orientalism and Empire: North Caucasus Mountain People and the Georgian
Frontier, 1845–1917 (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2002); Michael Khodarkovsky, Bit-
ter Choices: Loyalty and Betrayal in the Russian Conquest of the North Caucasus (Ithaca, NY: Cornell
University Press, 2011); and Nicholas B. Breyfogle, Heretics and Colonizers: Forging Russia’s Empire
in the South Caucasus (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005). - D. Iu. Arapov, “Pervyi rossiiskii ukaz o palomnichestve v Mekku,” in Rossiia v srednie veka
i novoe vremia: sbornik statei k 70-letiiu chl. korr. RAN L.V. Milova (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 1999), 298.
For cases of the Foreign Ministry arranging and subsidizing travel to Mecca through Russian lands
for foreign Muslim elites, see, for example, AVPRI, f. 161, II–15, op. 58, d. 4; and SSSA, f. 11, op. 1,
d. 41.