200 Notes to Pages 43–48
persidskomu-razgranicheniiu, 1849–1852, ed. M. A. Gamazov (St. Petersburg, 1875), LV–LVII; and
Russko-Indiiskie otnosheniia v XIX v., 93.
- SSSA, f. 11, op. 1, d. 2369, ll. 1–2.
- SSSA, f. 4, op. 8, d. 61, ll. 1–14ob.
- Ibid., ll. 4–5; SSSA, f. 8, op. 1, d. 256.
- SSSA, f. 11, op. 1, d. 2369; SSSA, f. 4, op. 8, d. 61, l. 15ob.
- SSSA, f. 11, op. 1, d. 2369, ll. 8–11.
- Alison Games, Migration and the Origins of the English Atlantic World (Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press, 2001); Games, The Web of Empire: English Cosmopolitanism in an Age
of Expansion, 1560–1660 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008); Thomas R. Metcalf, Imperial
Connections: India in the Indian Ocean Arena, 1860–1920 (Berkeley: University of California Press,
2007). On migrations and nation-states, see also Annemarie H. Sammartino, The Impossible Border:
Germany and the East, 1918–1922 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2010). - Mapping the Hajj, Integrating Muslims
- Robert D. Crews, For Prophet and Tsar: Islam and Empire in Russia and Central Asia (Cam-
bridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006), 13. - Frithjof Benjamin Schenk, “ ‘This New Means of Transportation Will Make Unstable People
Even More Unstable’: Railways and Geographic Mobility in Tsarist Russia,” in Russia in Motion: Cul-
tures of Human Mobility since 1850, ed. John Randolph and Eugene M. Avrutin (Urbana: University of
Illinois Press, 2012), 218–234; Derek W. Spring, “Railways and Economic Development in Turkestan
before 1917,” in Russian Transport: An Historical and Geographical Survey, ed. Leslie J. Symons and
Colin White (London: G. Bell, 1975), 46–74; W. E. Wheeler, “The Control of Land Routes: Railways in
Central Asia,” Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society 21 (1934): 585–608. On how modern transport
“reinvigorated” older patterns of pilgrimage in Asia in the early twentieth century, see Sunil S. Amrith,
Migration and Diaspora in Modern Asia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 57–58. - Hafez Farmayan and Elton L. Daniel, eds. and trans., A Shiʿite Pilgrimage to Mecca, 1885–
1886: The Safar - nameh of Mirza Mohammad Hosayn Farahani (Austin: University of Texas Press,
1990), 184. - For numbers of Russian Orthodox pilgrims to Jerusalem, see Simon Dixon, “Nationalism ver-
sus Internationalism: Russian Orthodoxy in Nineteenth-Century Palestine,” in Religious Internation-
als in the Modern World: Globalization and Faith Communities since 1750, ed. Abigail Greene and
Vincent Viaene (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), 139–162. - John Randolph’s work on early modern Russia’s roads and the iam system yields marvelous
insights into how the tsarist state conceptualized Russia’s vast spaces in terms of itineraries. See
John W. Randolph, “The Singing Coachman Or, The Road and Russia’s Ethnographic Invention in
Early Modern Time,” Journal of Early Modern History 11, 1–2 (2007): 32–61. On the eighteenth-
century tsarist state’s practice of viewing Russia’s roads as a set of stations, see I. K. Kirilov, Ts v e t u s h-
chee sostoianie vserossiiskogo gosudarstva (Moscow: Nauka, 1977); and A. N. Vigilev, Istoriia otechest-
vennoi pochty, vol. 1 (Moscow: Sviazʹ, 1977). - Russia opened a Baghdad consulate in 1880, and a vice-consulate in nearby Karbala, a Shiʿi
pilgrimage site, soon after. In 1889 it opened a consulate in Mashhad, also a center of Shiʿi pilgrim-
age, followed by the Jeddah consulate in 1891, and the Bombay consulate in 1900. All were involved
in tracking Russia’s hajj traffic, providing services to pilgrims, and reporting on the traffic to the For-
eign Ministry. On the founding of the Bombay consulate in connection with organizing the hajj, see
Russko-indiiskie otnosheniia v 1900–1917 gg.: sbornik arkhivnykh materialov (Moscow: Vostochnaia
literatura RAN, 1999), 30; and “Ob obrazovanii generalʹnogo konsulʹstva Rossii v Bombee,” Diplo-
maticheskii vestnik (March 1, 2000): 81–85.