Russian Hajj. Empire and the Pilgrimage to Mecca - Eileen Kane

Notes to Pages 101–108 209

40. Ibid.


41. Ibid., 192–193.


42. Stuart Thompstone, “Tsarist Russia’s Investment in Transport,” Journal of Transport History 3,
    no. 19/1 (March 1998): 61–62.


43. Ibid.


44. RGIA, f. 98, op. 2, d. 285.


45. Ibid.


46. RGIA, f. 98, op. 2, d. 285, ll. 118, 28.


47. RGAVMF, f. 417, op. 1, d. 2757.


48. Patricia Herlihy, Odessa: A  History, 1794–1914 (Cambridge, MA.: Harvard Ukrainian
    Research Institute, 1986), 107, 203; Thompstone, “Tsarist Russia’s Investment in Transport,” 63;
    RGAVMF, f. 417, op. 1, d. 2757, l. 3ob.


49. RGIA, f. 98, op. 2, d. 285, ll. 307–309.


50. On the difficulties European steamship companies faced in profiting from the transport
    of hajj pilgrims in the modern era, see Michael B. Miller, “Pilgrims’ Progress: The Business of
    the Hajj,” Past  & Present 191 (May  2006): 189–228. See also Michael B. Miller, Europe and the
    Maritime World: A  Twentieth-Century History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012),
    123–124.


51. RGIA, f. 98, op. 2, d. 285.


52. Records of the Hajj: A Documentary History of the Pilgrimage to Mecca (Cambridge: Archive
    Editions, 1993), 4, 340–342.


53. RGIA, f. 98, op. 2, d. 285; RGAVMF, f. 417, op. 1, d. 2757.


54. Before 1906, when Russia became a constitutional monarchy with a parliament (Duma), the
    State Council was a legislative advisory body to the tsar, made up of his trusted officials. The council’s
    job was to consider proposed laws.


55. In 1881, for example, then minister of internal affairs N. P. Ignatʹev had introduced “Tempo-
    rary Rules” regarding peasant migration, which shared many features with these new proposed rules
    regarding Muslim pilgrimage. Treadgold, The Great Siberian Migration, 76.


56. D. S. Sipiagin was minister of internal affairs briefly, from 1900 to 1902. He was preceded by
    I. L. Goremykin (1895–99). Von Laue, Sergei Witte and the Industrialization of Russia, 202–203.


57. Edward H. Judge, Plehve: Repression and Reform in Imperial Russia, 1902–1904 (Syracuse,
    NY: Syracuse University Press, 1983); Hans Rogger, Jewish Policies and Right-Wing Politics in Impe-
    rial Russia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986).


58. RGIA, f. 821, op. 8, d. 1174.


59. V. G. Chernukha, Pasport v Rossii, 1719–1917 (St.  Petersburg: Liki Rossii, 2007). See also
    Eugene Avrutin, Jews and the Imperial State: Identification Politics in Tsarist Russia (Ithaca, NY: Cor-
    nell University Press, 2010); and Eric Lohr, Russian Citizenship: From Empire to Soviet Union (Cam-
    bridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012).


60. RGIA, f. 821, op. 8, d. 1202, ll. 133–136ob.


61. Robert D. Crews, “The Russian Worlds of Islam,” in Islam and the European Empires, ed.
    David Motadel (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 40.


62. RGIA, f. 821, op. 8, d. 1202, ll. 133–136ob.


63. Ibid., l. 136ob.


64. Ibid., l. 137ob.


65. Ibid., ll. 137ob–138ob.


66. Ibid., ll. 23ob–24.


67. Ibid., l. 53.


68. This project was handed off by the Committee of Ministers to the State Council, which made
    its decision in June 1903.