Russian Hajj. Empire and the Pilgrimage to Mecca - Eileen Kane

216 Notes to Pages 160–166

9. Massell, The Surrogate Proletariat.


10. See, for instance, Andrew D. W. Forbes, Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia:
    A  Political History of Republican Sinkiang, 1911–1949 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
    1986), 66; Lars-Erik Nyman, Great Britain and Chinese, Russian, and Japanese Interests in Sinkiang,
    1918–1934 (Stockholm: Esselte Studium, 1977), 68–72; and Jon Jacobson, When the Soviet Union
    Entered World Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994).


11. Jacobson, When the Soviet Union Entered World Politics, 181.


12. On the USSR as a self-consciously anti-imperialist empire, see Francine R. Hirsch, Empire of
    Nations: Ethnographic Knowledge and The Making of the Soviet Union (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University
    Press, 2005).


13. John Baldry, “Soviet Relations with Saudi Arabia and the Yemen, 1917–1938,” Middle Eastern
    Studies 20, no. 1 (Jan. 1984): 58. On Muslim anticolonial nationalist leaders in the 1920s who saw
    Mecca as a forum for spreading their ideas and overthrowing empire, see Ayesha Jalal, Partisans of
    Allah: Jihad in South Asia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), 221.


14. “K. Khakimov—pervyi sovetskii polpred v Saudovskii Aravii,” Ekho vekov, May 1995.


15. Ibid.


16. Ibid.


17. DAOO, f. R-1965, op. 6, d. 66; f. R-1965, op.6, d. 65.


18. DAOO, f. R-1965, op. 6, d. 85, ll. 33–34.


19. SSSR i arabskie strany 1917–1960: dokumenty i materialy (Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe
    izdatelʹstvo politicheskoi literatury, 1961), 60; Dokumenty vneshnei politiki SSSR (Moscow: Gosu-
    darstvennoe izdatelʹstvo politicheskoi literatury, 1963), 7, 215; John Baldry, “Soviet Relations with
    Saudi Arabia and Yemen,” 58–60. Also serving alongside Khakimov was N. T. Tiuriakulov, a Kazakh
    from Kokand who also joined the Bolshevik Party in 1918. He served as Soviet consul general in
    Jeddah from 1928 to 1935. See Nazir Tiuriakulov—polpred SSSR v Korolevstve Saudovskaia Araviia:
    pisʹma, dnevniki, otchety (1928–1935) (Moscow: Russkii raritet, 2000); T.A. Mansurov, Polpred Nazir
    Tiuriakulov (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 2004); and Baymirza Hayit, Turkestan im XX Jahrhundert
    (Darmstadt: C.W. Leske Verlag, 1956), 184, 227, 306, 314–315.


20. Bose, A Hundred Horizons, 204.


21. Jacobson, When the Soviet Union Entered World Politics, 181.


22. RGAE, f. 7795, op. 1, d. 262, ll. 2–6, cited in Norihiro Naganawa, “The Red Sea Becoming
    Red? The Bolsheviks’ Commercial Enterprise in the Hijaz and Yemen, 1924–1938” (unpublished
    paper, 2013).


23. RGAE, f. 7795, op. 1, d. 260, ll. 6–6ob, cited in Naganawa, “The Red Sea Becoming Red?”


24. DAOO, f. R-1965, op. 6, d. 85, ll. 49–50.


25. Sunil S. Amrith, Crossing the Bay of Bengal: The Furies of Nature and the Fortunes of Migrants
    (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013), 3.


26. DAOO, f. R-1965, op. 6, d. 85, ll. 49–50.


27. Ibid.


28. Ibid.


29. David-Fox, Showcasing the Great Experiment, 5.


30. Ibid., 175–177.


31. Shawn Salmon, “Marketing Socialism: Inturist in the Late 1950s and Early 1960s,” in Tur-
    izm: The Russian and East European Tourist under Capitalism and Socialism, ed. Anne E. Gorsuch
    and Diane P. Koenker (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006), 189. On Torgsin (the All-Union
    Association for Trade with Foreigners on the Territory of the USSR), see Elena Osokina, Zoloto dlia
    industrializatsii: TORGSIN (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2009).


32. DAOO, f. R-1965, op. 6, d. 66, ll. 5–5ob.