Advances in Role and Reference Grammar

TURKISH CLAUSE LINKAGE 559

and Ayhan Aksu-Koç for comments on an earlier form of this paper. Special

thanks go to Zeynep Tanbay and Apo Açikahn for their patience in answering my

many questions. Of course, none of these are responsible for the claims made in

this paper.

1. As already mentioned, -mIş may mark past tense but also functions as an eviden­
   tial. As will be seen below, -Iyor, though often a tense, at times functions only as
   an aspect.


2. This corresponds to the claim by Comrie and other linguists that (for Indo-Euro­
   pean) the imperfective "is usually interpreted as referring to the present"
   (1976:84). Silverstein (1986) has gone further to offer an explanation: in Peircian
   terms, aspect is used iconically to serve a deictic function.


3. I am glossing -mEdEn as an unanalyzable morpheme, though it may best be con­
   sidered as -me followed by the ablative case suffix. Lewis, in fact, suggests,
   -mEdEn "looks like the ablative of the -me verbal noun" (1967:182). But he then
   goes on to point out that the stress pattern displays the retraction that is found
   with the negative -me rather than the verbal noun -me. Karl Zimmer has pointed
   out to me, however, that one could think of -mEdEn as a haplologized version of
   -me(NEG)-mE(vN)-dEn(ABL). Supporting such an analysis is the fact that the post­
   position önce requires the ablative case.


4. See the discussion of -Iyor above.


5. The clausal negation is the clause-final predicate-like degil.


6. The following comments are largely due to discussions with Robert Van Valin.

References

Comrie, Bernard. 1976. Aspect. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.

Dik, Simon. 1978. Functional Grammar. Amsterdam: North-Holland.

Foley, William A. and Robert Van Valin. 1984. Functional Syntax and Universal Gram­

mar. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.

Lewis, G.L. 1967. Turkish Grammar. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Pickett, Velma. 1959. The Grammatical Hierarchy of Isthmus Zapotee. Dissertation,

Univeristy of Michigan. (Language Disseration 56. Baltimore: Waverly Press.)

Pike, Kenneth L. and Evelyn G. Pike. 1982. Grammatical Analysis. Dallas: SIL.

Silverstein, Michael. 1986. Lecture given to Cognitive Science Group, UC Berkeley.

Slobin, Daniel and Ayhan A. Aksu. 1981. "The Psychological and Linguistic Grounds

of Evidentiality and its Extensions in Turkish". Paper given at Evidentials Sym­

posium, UC Berkeley.

Underbill, Robert. 1976. Turkish Grammar. Cambridge: MIT Press.