Additional voice constructions 277
c. Nyama-na guru-na e-ka-enga'-e Soleha.
name-DEF teacher-DEF OV-KA-remember-LOC Soleha
‘Soleha remembered her teacher’s name.’
(118) a. Amie baji' ka taretan-na.
Amie hate to brother-DEF
‘Amie hates his brother.’
b. Taretan-na e-ka-baji'-i bi' sAmie.
brother-DEF OV-KA-hate-LOC by Amie
‘Amie hates his brother.’
In (117a), the stative predicate enga ‘remember’ takes a subject, Soleha, and a
prepositional object, ka nyamana guru ‘to her teacher’s name’. As described in
Chapter 10 section 1.4, cognitive stative predicates of this sort are syntactically
transitive when the locative suffix –e is added, as in (117b), where the object
nyamana guru ‘her teacher’s name’ is no longer in a prepositional phrase and
the verb takes actor voice, ngena'e ‘remember’. In the object voice, ka is pre-
fixed to the root and the object voice morpheme e prefixed to the derived form
(117c). (118a,b) illustrate the same point. See Chapter 10 section 1.4 for discus-
sion of the use of locative -e with cognitive predicates.
6.2 Involitive
As briefly described in Chapter 4 section 1.1.4, the fact that an agent did not
perform some action purposely can be indicated by the prefix ta-. When the
stem is transitive, it is generally the theme or some other nonagent that is sub-
ject, and the agent can be expressed as an NP or PP (or can go unexpressed but
specified by the discourse context). With the nonagentive subject and postverbal
agent, the structure is parallels that of the object voice and ka-.
(119) Atin ta-tobi’ bi' Ebu'.
Atin IN-pinch by mother
‘Mother pinched Atin by mistake.’
(120) Sassa'-an-na Siti ta-bungkos Marlena bi' koran kotor.
wash-NOM-DEF Siti IN-wrap Marlena with newspaper dirty
‘Marlena accidentally wrapped Siti’s laundry in dirty newspaper.’
As evident in the translations, the actions of the PP agent bi' Ebu ‘by Mother’ in
(119) and the NP agent Marlena in (120) were performed without conscious