318 Chapter 10 Modifications to argument structure
influence some of the time. For example, some consider (133) with najemme
‘sharpen’ to be an unacceptable paraphrase of (124b) with matajem.
(133) %Koki-na najem-me todhi'.
cook-DEF AV.sharp-LOC knife
‘The cook sharpened the knife.’
In other cases, the -agi or -e form seems to be equally acceptable, and in some
cases preferred, e.g. kennallagi ‘introduce’.
(134) a. Ita kennaldha' Bambang.
Ita know to Bambang
‘Ita knows Bambang.’
b. Ina ngennal-lagi Ita dha' Bambang.
Ina AV.know-AGI Ita to Bambang
‘Ina introduces Ita to Bambang.’
c. Ina ma-kennal Ita dha' Bambang.
Ina AV.CS-know Ita to Bambang
‘Ina introduces Ita to Bambang.’
lit. ‘Ina makes Ita know Bambang.’
3.2 Causatives of dynamic intransitive verbs
Dynamic intransitive verbs have characteristics distinct from the stative verbs.
Most speakers accept pa- causatives formed on non-controlled root such as
dhateng ‘come’, entar ‘go’, gaggar ‘fall’, tedhung ‘sleep’, and others. Thus,
there are non-causative/causative pairs such as those in (135-137).
(135) a. Baji'-eng tedhung.
baby-DEF sleep
‘The baby is sleeping.’
b. Siti ma-tedhung baji'-eng.
Siti AV.CS-sleep baby-DEF
‘Siti put her baby to bed.’
(136) a. Bapa' labu.
father fall
‘Father fell.’