Long-distance questions 455
5.2. ‘Partial movement’ questions
In (67) and (68), it appears that sapa ‘who’ has moved part way to initial posi-
tion in the matrix clause. This impression is even stronger in the sentences in
(69-72); here phrases that are either clearly not subjects or are arguably derived
subjects occur in initial-position in the complement clause.
(69) Hasan ng-oca' apa se e-kala' Bambang?
Hasan AV-say what REL OV-take Bambang
‘What did Hasan say that Bambang took?’
(70) Polisi a-bukteyagi sapa se e-berri' pesse bi' maleng-nga?
police AV-proveAGI who REL OV-give money by thief-DEF
‘Who did the police prove the thieves gave the money to?’
(71) Wati ngera dha'ramma Ali ma-becce' komputer-ra?
Wati AV.think how Ali AV.CS-good computer-DEF
‘How does Wati think that Ali fixed the computer?’
(72) Ina yaken bila Rokip mangkad-a ka Jakarta?
Ina sure when Rokip leave-IRR to Jakarta
‘When is Ina sure Rokip will leave for Jakarta?’
In (69) and (70), the verbs in the complements occur in object voice and a non-
actor is clefted–the theme in (69) and the goal in (70). In (71) and (72) the ad-
verbial interrogatives dha'ramma ‘how’ and bila ‘when’ occur in initial position
in the complement. These interrogatives appear to have moved part way to ini-
tial position of the matrix clause. For this reason, this structure has been referred
to as ‘partial movement’ in Indonesian (Saddy 1991) and Malay (Cole and
Hermon 1998).^5
5.3 Long-distance ‘movement’
In the example in (60c), the interrogative phrase that relates to the complement
clause occurs in a cleft structure in the matrix clause. This resembles the struc-
ture of English wh-questions in which a wh-phrase from a complement clause
occurs in initial position of the entire sentence. Thus, it appears that apa in
(60c) and the interrogative phrases in (73-75) have undergone long-distance
movement of the type exhibited by their English translations.
(^5) As pointed out by Saddy (1991) and Cole & Hermon (1998), the Indonesian structures
seem to parallel partial movement question structures in German (McDaniel1989),
Hungarian (Horvath 1997) and other languages.