472 Chapter 15 Speech levels
appropriate, the addressee) as well as their actions. The alos mandhap vocabu-
lary includes only words indicating the actions of a person of lower status to-
ward the person to be honored. Thus, in (3), there are both alos tenggi and alos
mandhap words for ‘say’, ‘give’, and ‘go’, as these are actions that people per-
form with regard to other people. As is clear from the table, lexical items can
have more than one related meaning, so alos tenggi dha'ar is used for both the
concepts ‘eat’ and ‘drink’ (which, of course, both refer to ingesting something).
Its locative derivative, padha'aran, refers to both of the endpoints of ingestion,
the mouth and the stomach. The use of these vocabularies is taken up below.
Despite the fact that the same lexical itens are frequently used for alos and
alos tenggi, it is also the case that many concepts have distinct forms in the two
vocabularies. Some examples of this are given in (4).
(4) Some kasar, alos, and alos tenggi forms
kasar alos alos tenggi
‘eye’ mata soca, edep soca, tengal
‘head’ cethak sera sera
‘back’ budhi bingkeng pongkoran
‘stomach’ tabu' padha'aran padha'aran
‘mother’ embu', ebu' ebu ebu
‘father’ emma', bapa' rama kai
‘wife’ bine robiya raji
‘house’ bengko, roma compo' dalem
‘(skull) cap’ kocca songko' sengel
‘money’ pesse obang obang
‘sick’ sake' anglo songkan
HORT ayu', maju tore nyara
‘angry’ peggel bendu duka
‘give’ berri' sendhuk pereng
‘drink’ enom dha'ar dha'ar
‘eat’ kakan teddha dha'ar
‘have’ andhi' gadhuwan anggadhuwan
‘hear’ edhing pereng peyarsa
‘know’ tao oneng ngagali
‘sit’ toju' lenggi longgu
‘request’ penta so'on panyo'on
‘want’ terro poron kasokan
While this, of course, represents a fraction of the lexical items involved, it is
clear that in some instances a distinction is made between the alos and alos
tenggi words--as in ‘back’ bingkeng/pongkoran, ‘father’ rama/kai, and ‘want’
poron/kasokan--and in others there is not, as in ‘head’ sera, ‘mother’ ebu, and