A Grammar of Madurese

Morphophonemic processes 49

environments. For example, it is possible to find the following forms with the
iterative suffix (64).

(64) nɔɔp + ɛ  [nɔɔpi] ~ [nɔɔpɛ] ‘cover’

ɲɛmprɔ + ɛ  [ɲɛmprɔi] ~ [ɲɛmprɔɛ‘spray’

ɔbɤ + ɛ  ɔbɤi] ~ ɔbɤɛ ‘give medicine to’

For other speakers, this aspiration never occurs, so the forms in (63) surface
rather than those in (65).

(65) nɔɔp + a  [nɔɔpa] ‘open (irr.)’

nɔlak + a  [nɔlaka] ‘refuse (irr.)’
sɛmprɔ + an  [sɛmprɔan] ‘spray’

maka + ɛ  [makaɛ] ‘leave often’

maək + ɛ  [maəkkɛ ‘strike repeatedly’

Gemination. Two suffixes induce gemination of a stem-final consonant. The
benefactive/causative suffix -aki, underlying /ak/, copies the final consonant

of the stem as the onset of the first syllable of the suffix. This is illustrated in
(66).^33

(66) -aki

ɛrra ‘clear’ [nɛrraaki] ‘explain’

jakɛn ‘sure’ akɛnnaki] ‘convince’
kapɤr ‘news’ apɤrrɤki] ‘spread the news’

ɛrɛm ‘send’ [ɛrɛmmaki] ‘send for’

nɔlɛs ‘write’ [nɔlɛssaki] ‘write for’

ɲɛmprɔ ‘spray’ [ɲɛmprɔɤki] ‘spray for’

nakəp ‘catch’ [nakəppɤki] ‘catch for’

Note that the derivatives of [ɲɛmprɔt] ‘spray’ and [nakəp] ‘catch’ trigger the
aspiration of the stem-final voiceless stop, which creates the environment for a

(^33) The fully derived forms in (66) are all verbs in the Actor Voice. The result of affixa-
tion of -aki is always a transitive verb form, canonically represented in Actor Voice. In
the last four cases in (66), -aki is affixed to a transitive verb stem, which is already
presented in Actor Voice form and thus occur with the nasal prefix. For the first three
forms, [ɛrra] ‘clear’, [jakɛn] ‘sure’, and [kapɤr] ‘news’, which are not transitive
verbs, the Actor Voice nasal prefix is added as part of the derivation of the causative
forms.