30 3 PhonologyThe most systematic retention of gg as geminated version of w is in verbal
nouns. The -owasC- verbs just mentioned with PerfP -aewwasC- have a VblN
pattern aggaC (aggal, aggad, aggar), never #awwaC.
The verb for 'become red, brown' has PerfP sseggar- (and its participles),
Imprt Iswav, and LoImpfP -t-lswar-. Related nouns are ά-swar (or ά-zwar)
'red one' and t-a-sure 'redness' (perhaps <*t-3-sawre).
In nominal Sg/Pl alternations, I can cite a word for 'tail or mane hair' (also
'grey heron'): Sg ae-saw or ae-saww, Pll-sagg-asn orl-saww-aen. There are
also some archaic w/gg alternations in the following terms for affines:
a-daeggal 'father- or son-in-law', ΡΠ-dawl-an ; a-laggas 'brother-in-law', PI
l-bws-an.
For historical discussion of this problem in Berber, see EPPB 42-4.
3.1.1.8 Alternation of d and tt
Geminated /dd/ is sometimes devoiced to tt (phonetic [t:], resulting in
alternations of d withι ι tt. ι
In verbal inflection, we observe the alternation between inflectable stems
of type - vCCvC- and their nominal derivatives. Example: 'hold' has
inflectable stems -attaef- (PerfP), -attaf- (ShlmpfP), and -t-dttaf- (LoImpfP),
but VblN udaf and Agentive a-n-üdaf. The nominal derivatives (VblN,
Agentive) are somewhat lexicalized, but the alternations do point to a
correspondence between ungeminated d and geminated tt. Taking /d/ as
underlying, we could argue that geminated /dd/ in the inflectable verb forms
has been devoiced to tt. ι t
In the case of 'hold', the division is between the inflectable verb stems as a
class (with tt) and the associated nominals (with d). However, when the
simple/geminated alternation occurs within the set of inflectable verb stems,
i.e. when the gemination is confined to the long imperfective, we get dd
instead of tt. An example is 'graze', with PerfP -adasn- and LoImpfP
-t-addan-. ( I
Let us now consider cases where the inflectable verb stem has
ungeminated d and a nominal derivative has a geminated counterpart. In these
cases, we get dd rather than tt. Thus -odaen- 'be missing', VblN iddun.
Comparison of e.g. -t-attaf-, -t-addan-, and iddun shows that both tt and dd
can occur stem-medially. I conclude that the choice requires reference to
morphology and does not constitute a pure phonological process.
The other relevant alternation involves stem-initial d in verb classes where
a stem-initial C is geminated in certain stems including the PerfP (but not the
Imprt or the long imperfectives). An example is 'become angry', with PerfP
-addukras-t alongside LoImpfP -t-idakru-t. Note that the geminated form is dd
rather than tt. ι ι
The data can be summarized in (23).