348 INDEX
Large Space Telescope (LST) 192–3
laser interferometry 330
Lassell, William 106
Late Heavy Bombardment 313
Le Verrier, Urbain 68, 83, 84, 85, 106–7
Leavitt, Henrietta Swan 48, 86, 102, 111,
120, 132–7, 174
Leighton, Robert 129, 213
Lemaître, Georges 145, 148, 168–71,
174, 176, 196, 224, 272, 300
Lemonier, Pierre 84
lenses 43, 58, 59–60
Leonard, Frederick C 184
Leonov, Alexei 208
Lepaute, Nicole-Reine 77
Leuschner, Armin O 184
Leviathan of Parsonstown 104–5
Levison, Hal 312–13
Lexell, Anders Johan 85, 106
Lick Observatory (California) 61, 63
light
curved 144, 152–3
pollution 12
spectrum analysis of 15, 110
speed of 83, 148, 149–51, 272–3, 329
wavelengths 110, 112, 329–30
LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-
Wave Observatory) 148, 153, 259,
268, 272, 297, 304, 326, 328–31
Lin, Chia-Chiao 276, 277
Lindblad, Bertil 164–5, 268, 269
Lipperhey, Hans 42, 59
Lizano, Susana 277
Local Group 133, 275
Lockyer, Joseph Norman 110, 113, 116 , 124
longitude 62
Lovell, James 247
Lowell, Percival 15, 117, 158, 159, 230
Lowell Observatory 158, 160
lunar eclipses 20
Lunar Roving Vehicle 249, 320, 325
Lunokhod 1 and 2 320–21, 323, 325
Luu, Jane 184, 206, 286–7
Luyten, Willem 178
Lynden-Bell, Donald 297
M
McClean, Frank 119
MACHOs (Massive Compact Halo
Objects) 271
Magellanic Clouds 27, 100–101, 133, 134,
135, 181
magnetic monopoles 272
main sequence stars see dwarf stars
Makemake 184, 287
Malhotra, Renu 312
Marconi, Guglielmo 179
Mariner spacecraft 117, 204
Marius, Simon 61–2
Markarian, Benjamin 185
Mars
exploration of 262, 318–25
gravity 72
life on 230, 234, 325
moons 62, 65
retrograde motion 35, 37, 38, 53
surface of 117 , 259
Maskelyne, Nevil 85
Mather, John 282–5
matter 14, 148, 196, 271
Matthews, Thomas 220
Maunder, Edward and Annie 129, 337
Maury, Antonia 111, 120, 124–5, 128,
133
Maxwell, James Clerk 65, 110, 111, 148
Mayor, Michel 259, 290–95
Mercury
orbit 106, 107, 152, 269
transit of 64
Mesopotamia 12–13, 18
Messier, Charles 82, 84, 87 , 88, 100,
101, 104
Messier objects 87
meteorites 83, 90–91, 96, 212 , 313
meteors 190
Metius, Jacob 59
Michell, John 70, 82, 254, 335
middle ages 26–31
Milky Way 12, 27, 58, 82, 88–9, 101, 104,
137, 221, 275, 276
shape of 164–5, 268, 269–70
size of 136
spiral nebulae 158–61
supermassive black hole 154, 297
Millikan, Robert 140
Milner, Yuri 235
mini-Neptunes 294
Mira Ceti 48–9, 86, 132
MKK system 126
Montanari, Geminiano 48
Moon
composition of 244, 246, 248, 320–21
early theories about 23
eclipses 20
landings 204, 205, 209, 244–9, 320,
325
movement of 38
origin of 186–7Moon (cont)
phases of 13
seen with naked eye 58
moons, planetary 65, 313
Moore-Hall, Chester 43
Morbidelli, Alessandro 312–13
Morgan, William Wilson 120, 126
Morrison, Philip 204, 210 –11, 231
Mouchez, Amédée 100
Mount Wilson Observatory (California)
129, 137, 141, 174, 175
Mueller, George 246, 247
Muirhead, Phil 294
multiverse 271
Murdin, Paul 254
Musk, Elon 321
mythology 18N
NASA
James Webb Space Telescope 279,
304–5
Mars exploration 117, 234, 259,
320–25
New Horizons 259, 314–17
observations 64, 97, 177, 190, 192,
194, 195, 205, 216, 227, 230, 282,
285, 308
Project Cyclops Report 232, 237
Space Race 244–9
Voyager Mission 258, 262–7
navigation 13–14
Near Earth Asteroids (NEAs) 99
nebulae 82, 83, 87 , 88, 89, 101, 104–5,
145, 158, 159–60
spectra of 114 –15, 116
nebular hypothesis 205, 250–51
Neptune
discovery of 82, 83, 84, 85, 106–7, 184
exploration beyond 286–7
exploration of 263, 264, 266–7
moons 106
orbit of 269
planetary migration 312–13
Neugebauer, Gerry 213
neutrinos 252–3
neutron stars 141, 145, 154, 178, 180–81,
205, 217, 236, 237, 238–9
neutrons 180, 181, 196–7, 236
New Horizons spacecraft 259, 262, 308,
312, 314–17
New Technology Telescope (NTT) 258