Numbers in bold refer
to a topic’s main entryA
acacia trees 57–58, 57
acid rain 93, 222, 229, 234, 248–249
adaptation 72
see also ecophysiology; natural selection
Agassiz, Louis 196, 198–199
Age of Discovery 80, 296
Age of Enlightenment 18
aggression 124–125, 124
Aguado, Catalina 181
air pollution 93, 95, 232, 233–234, 233 , 248
Al-Jahiz 108, 130, 132
albinism 30
algae 132, 151 , 217
algal blooms 166 , 269
alleles 30
allogenic ecosystem engineers 189
altruistic behavior 19, 29, 38, 39, 125
Alvarez, Luis and Walter 22, 221, 221
Amazon Basin 97, 259
amphibian viruses 280
Anderson, Roy 68, 70–71
Andrews Forest, Oregon 153, 153
animal behavior see ethology
animal ecology 106 –113
behavioral ecology 154–155
see also ecological niches; food chains; food webs
Anning, Mary 334
Anthony, Katey Walter 339
Anthropocene epoch 322
anthropogenic biomes 95
antibiotics 103
antibodies 103
antiseptics 103
ants 48, 57–58, 57 , 94, 142
aphids 49 , 58, 224
aquaculture 269
aquifers 289, 290, 291
Aral Sea 288, 290, 290
archaea 91
Arditi-Ginzburg equations 46
argan trees 311
Aristotle 42, 80, 82–83, 83 , 100, 130, 166, 296
Arrhenius, Olaf 185
Arrhenius, Svante 202–203, 240, 318–319
atmosphere 197, 204, 215
Attenborough, David 93, 167, 336
Audubon, James 181, 334
Audubon Society 182autogenic ecosystem engineers 189
autotrophs 132
Avery, Oswald 19, 34
axolotls 283, 283B
Bacon, Francis 294, 296, 296
Bacon, Roger 84
bacteria 30, 31, 31 , 68, 69, 84, 85, 90, 100,
102, 103, 136, 139, 164
Bak, Per 184
balsam fir 151
Baltimore Orioles 199
Banks, Jonathan 276
bark beetles 277
Barlow, Maude 288, 289, 289 , 291
barnacles 54, 55, 55 , 62, 63
Barro Colorado Island 157, 157
Bartram, William 297
Bateson, William 29
bats 54, 67, 155
Bazalgette, Joseph 233
bears 51, 51 , 72, 109, 109 , 191, 313, 314, 314
beavers 65, 65 , 111, 188, 189
bees 29, 29 , 38, 39, 66, 85 , 100, 101, 126, 127,
278 , 279
behavioral ecology 154–155
Beklemishe, Vladimir 204
Beneden, Pierre-Joseph van 56, 58
benthic communities 142
Biblical flood 198, 198 , 199
big ecology 153
Big Garden Birdwatch 182
bioaccumulation 94
biodiversity 63, 81, 90–97, 131, 137, 149, 235,
237, 258, 322
agricultural 326–327
and ecosystem functioning 156–157
effects of human activity on 93
hotspots 96–97
key threats to 93–95
loss 156, 157
neutral theory of 152
biofuels 289
“biogenic” rocks 30
biogeography 94, 130–131, 162–163, 166, 197,
200–201, 209
biological species concept 88–89
biomass 62, 112, 113, 238, 305
biomass energy 305
biomes 95, 135, 173, 197, 206–209, 209biosphere 95, 136, 153, 160, 197, 204–205, 215
biosphere reserves 236, 310, 311
Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB)
310–311
Sustainable Biosphere Initiative (SBI)
322–323
bipedalism 72
birds
bird counts 180–181, 182, 183
birdsong 235
eggs 114 –115
light pollution damage 253
migration 180, 180 , 199, 278
social behavior 189
bison 143
black widow spiders 39, 39
Blackburn, Tim 185
blood-suckers 127
Blue Tits 114, 114
Blue-footed Boobies 115, 115
Blue-gray Gnatcatchers 176–177, 176
bluebirds 111
Bodenheimer, Frederick 112
boneworms 139
bonobos 120, 123, 125, 125
Bonpland, Aimé 162
Botkin, Daniel B. 337
Boyle, Robert 85
Bradley, Richard 130, 132
Brown, Bob 338
Brown, Eileen Kampakuta 337
Brown, James H. 131, 146, 148, 185, 338
Bruckner, John 132, 133
Brugger, Ken 181
Buckland, William 199
budworm 151, 151
buffalo 95 , 110
Buffon, Comte du 20, 23, 26
bullfrogs 280
bushmeat 124
butterflies 127 , 181–182, 277, 279, 313C
C:N:P ratios 74, 75
cactus 173
Caldeira, Ken 281
Callendar, Guy Stewart 240
camels 73
camouflage 83
cancer research 75
cane toads 273, 273INDEX
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