Spencer, Herbert 172
spontaneous generation 102
spring creep 274–279
squirrels 53, 53 , 278
starfish 62, 63, 130, 141, 141
starlings 66, 67, 111, 189
Steller’s sea cows 143, 143
steppes 207
Sterner, Robert 43, 74
sticklebacks 117
stinkhorn fungi 58
stochasticity 192, 313, 314
stromatolites 205
Suess, Eduard 134, 197, 204
sugar maple 209
Sugihari, George 184
survival of the fittest 28, 37, 53
Suzuki, David 337
swallows 199
Swammerdam, Jan 85
symbiotic relationships 56
systems ecology 211T
tadpoles 76–77, 109
taiga 201
Tang, Chao 184
Tansley, Arthur 130, 134, 135, 135 , 136, 138, 153,
167, 172, 174, 176, 190, 208, 210, 214
tapirs 163
tarns 136
taxonomy 37, 80–81, 86–87
Teale, Edwin Way 246
telomeres 123
Ten Percent Law 113
tench 113
territorial behavior 155
Theophrastus 42
thermal pollution 235
thermoregulation 126–127
Thoreau, Henry David 171, 244, 298
ticks 58, 112
tidal power 302, 305
tigers 49, 133, 201
Tinbergen, Niko 39, 101, 116, 117, 123
toads 280
tool use, animal 120, 121 , 122
topsoil erosion 264–265
tortoises 27, 191, 200
Traill, Catherine Parr 334
transition engineering 265
transmutation 18, 21, 28
tree diversity 55
Triassic Period 220 , 223
trilobites 223
trophic cascades 62, 130, 140–143
trophic levels 130, 139, 141
trophic pyramid 113trophic-dynamic theory 138–139
trout 111, 211
truffles 104
turtles 182, 229, 239, 253, 253 , 285
Tyndall, John 202, 203
typological species concepts 89U
Udvardy, Miklos 200, 209
UNESCO 310, 311
uniformitarianism 18, 23
urbanization 282–283, 297
Urqhuart, Fred and Norah 180, 181, 181 , 182
UV radiation 260, 261V
vaccines 84, 102–103
Van Valen, Leigh 46, 49
vegetation
biomes 208–209
climax communities 172–173
feedback loops 224
formations 173, 206–207
open community theory 174 –175
plant distribution 168–169
plant succession 135, 160, 167
zones 168–169
see also deforestation; plant communities
Verhulst, Pierre-François 164, 184
Verhulst equation 164–165, 184
Vernadsky, Vladimir 136, 138, 153, 160, 167, 197,
204–205, 205 , 214
viral shunt 69
viruses 68, 69, 70, 102, 103, 280
volcanic activity 149, 149 , 163, 222, 223
Volterra, Vito 46, 46 , 47, 48, 52, 225W
Waddington, Conrad 188
Wagler, Ron 223
Wahlenburg, Göran 198
Wallace, Arthur Russel 18, 27–8, 29, 42, 59, 146,
160, 162, 163, 166, 196–197, 200–201, 201
Wallace Line 163, 201
Walter, Heinrich 206
warblers 52 , 53, 199
warfare 124–125
“warm-blooded” 126
Warming, Johannes 160, 166, 167wasps 49 , 58
waste disposal 330–331
water
economic water scarcity 290–291
hydroelectric power 294, 302, 304–305
physical water scarcity 290
pollution 93, 94, 228, 233, 234–235, 269, 289, 330
recycling 291
saline 265, 288
tidal power 302, 305
water crisis 286–291
water stress 290
water supplies 265, 288, 289–290
Watson, Andrew 216
Watson, James 19, 32, 34–35, 35
weasels 109
Wecker, Stanley C. 337
Wegener, Alfred 163, 196, 212–213
Werner, Abraham 23
Werner, Earl 43, 76–77
wetlands 239, 289, 291
whales 87 , 133, 235, 239, 285
whelks 62, 63
White, Gilbert 294, 297, 298
White, Lynn 306
Whitehouse, Michael 189
Whittaker, Robert 86, 90, 91, 161, 174, 175, 209
Wickett, Michael E. 281
Wiesenfeld, Kurt 184
wildlife corridors 239
wildlife crossings 191, 191
Wilkins, John 85
Wilkins, Maurice 35
Williams, Carrington 185
Williams, George C. 38
Wilmut, Ian 34
Wilson, E.O. 81, 92, 93, 94, 94 , 131, 146, 147, 148,
149, 223, 312
wind power 303–304, 323
Wingfield, Eileen Wani 336
Woese, Carl 81, 90–91
wolves 49, 64 , 65, 110, 140
“wood-wide web” 105
woodpeckers 111, 189
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) 236
Wright, Judith 336X Y Z
X-ray crystallography 19yellow bush lupines 142 , 143
Yorke, James A. 338
yuccas 57zoogeography 162, 163, 200, 200 , 201350 INDEX
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